Psychologically Codes of Conduct and Legislations

Introduction Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the human behavior. Moreover, the subject also focuses on the effects of human behavior in society. Other scholars view psychology as a branch of medicine that offers counseling services (Davis, Giordano Licht, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychologically Codes of Conduct and Legislations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Professionals in the field are usually referred to as psychologists. From the definitions provided above, psychology is a profession that specializes in curing social problems through counseling. Just like in any other profession, psychologists are guided by stringent codes of conduct and legislations. Some rules governing psychologists are discussed in this article. Informed consent and refusal Psychologically challenged individuals suffer from mental illnesses. Mental problems are brought about by unfortunate even ts, which may have social and cultural effects. For instance, an individual would be affected by the actions of a serial killer, particularly if an individual is used to living in a peaceful environment. Madness is a social problem brought about by a number of causes, including the loss of the loved one. A psychiatrist has his own ways of soliciting information from the patient. In fact, some of patients would be willing to admit their crimes before doctor. However, the doctor is required by law not to share the medical information of his patients with anyone (Weiten, 2012). The patient would be willing to talk to the doctor freely without holding back anything that can be useful in the process of diagnosis. The doctor on the other hand swears to use the information derived from patients in the process of treatment only after which both may cut links and never set eyes on each other. A doctor can never use medical reports or confessions from the patient to testify in a court of law. Additionally, should the patient refuse to talk, the doctor does not have any mandate to force the patient to give out information. The only action that a doctor can undertake is to employ his or her prowess in the practice in order to find ways of making his or her patient talk. Should the patient refuse to talk, the doctor should leave him alone and look for other ways of carrying out the diagnosis. Assessment, testing, and diagnosis in professional psychology The process of assessing a patient in professional psychology is conducted verbally through observation of behavior change. The doctor listens to how his or her patient responds to issues and how he or she builds points. From this conversation, the mental status of the patient would be established easily.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The diagnosis that a psychiatrist formulates thereafter follows very invigoratin g laws to ensure that in deed the patients’ mental state is very shaky (Kloos, Duffy, 2012). Pope and Vasquez (2011) assert that the mentally challenged individuals are likely to do abnormal things. An extremely paranoiac person will always think that somebody is about to kill him or her. He or she tries to hide from the members of the public. Such patients are more likely to spend a whole day locked in a room. This is an example of a person who needs psychological help. Psychological help would be critical since such an individual can easily hurt other members of society. After determining that a patient is suffering from paranoia, a doctor formulates a suitable technique through which a patient would be treated. A test to confirm the progress of the patient would be undertaken later. This would be to confirm whether the patient responds to treatment well. Confidentiality in the therapeutic relationship A psychiatrist should never share the information collected from the pa teint] with any other person. Information gathered from a patient is aimed at helping the patient recover and is to be kept by the doctor only. Before entering the field to practice, a psychiatrist swears an oath that binds him or her to uphold the confidentiality of clients. The type of information that the psychiatrist obtains in most cases comes from sick individuals meaning that even the legal system recognizes the mentally challenged as people with disabilities. The court of law cannot therefore use such information to incriminate an individual by using it as evidence or testimonial. The doctor may record the sessions but this would be used purely for professional purposes meaning that the information collected is meant to help the doctor in monitoring the developments of the patient. The influence of legislation on professional psychology Those apprehended for committing heinous crimes are normally taken through psychological testing. This helps in determining their mental sta tus since the legal system understands that there are certain actions that can only be undertaken by people of unstable minds. Such individuals might not be accountable to their behaviors due to one reason or the other.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Psychologically Codes of Conduct and Legislations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The judiciary never uses the testimonials of patients recorded in clinical sessions as evidence in courts of law. The only legislation that professional psychology adheres to is the one aiming at regulating the practice. A doctor who is found molesting a patient or taking advantage of the mental status of the patient is culpable of the offence, depending on the nature of the exploitation. In summary, legal legislation in a country rarely affects the operations of psychologists. In fact, it tends to have a positive influence since it always promotes the practice. It also faci litates professionalism. Psychological lessons are offered to various categories of students in many countries. This is because of its importance in resolving mental issues in the society. The role of competence in professional psychology Psychology is a service industry. In this industry, reputation of the service provider is normally of immense importance in establishing the future of the practice. In the development of reputation, competence comes in handy. A doctor who handles his patients professionally and delivers positive results in time builds a reputation for himself, which is a tool of trade. Reputation alone is enough to either kill or elevate the status of the business (Coon, Mitterer, 2011). Just as stated in the definition of the practice, psychology is a discipline undertaken in institutions of higher learning. A competent psychologist therefore must be one the who attains the high grades in the curriculum requirements and later gathers enough experience in the fiel d, which would enable him or her to handle myriad cases of varying uniqueness. Such psychologists must be competent behavior analysts who can easily differentiate between an abnormal behavior and a normal one. Moreover, he or she must try to establish an early diagnosis from the case. This helps in saving time and would help in achieving timely treatment for patients. In other words, the government appreciates the activities of psychologists because of their great contributions in ensuring that the health of the population is stable. The government simply comes in to improve the levels of professionalism Moreover, the government comes in to offer practitioners with a level playing ground and to safeguard the interests of patients.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Coon, D., Mitterer, J. O. (2011). Psychology: A journey. Belmont: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Davis, S. F., Giordano, P. J., Licht, C. A. (2009). Your career in psychology Putting your graduate degree to work. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Kloos, B., Duffy, K. G. (2012). Community psychology: Linking individuals and communities. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Pope, K. S., Vasquez, M. J. T. (2011). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Wiley Weiten, W. (2012). Psychology: Themes and variations. Belmont, Calif Cengage/Wadsworth. This research paper on Psychologically Codes of Conduct and Legislations was written and submitted by user Neil Guy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

William Rehnquist, Supreme Court Chief Justice

William Rehnquist, Supreme Court Chief Justice President Richard M. Nixon appointed William Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1971. Fifteen years later President Ronald Reagan named him as the court’s Chief Justice, a position that he held until his death in 2005. During the last eleven years of his term on the Court, there was not a single change in the roster of nine justices. Early Life and Career Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on October 1, 1924, his parents named him William Donald. He would later change his middle name to Hubbs, a family name after a numerologist informed Rehnquist’s mother that he would be more successful with the middle initial of H.   Rehnquist attended Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio for one quarter before joining the U.S. Air Force during World War II. Although he served from 1943 to 1946, Rehnquist did not see any combat. He was assigned to a meteorology program and was stationed for a time in North Africa as a weather observer. After being discharged from the Air Force, Rehnquist attended Stanford University where he received both a bachelors and a masters degree in political science. Rehnquist then went to Harvard University where he received a masters in government before attending Stanford Law School where he graduated first in his class in 1952 while Sandra Day OConnor graduated third in that same class. Upon graduation from law school, Rehnquist spent a year working for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson as one of his law clerks.   As a law clerk, Rehnquist authored a very controversial memo defending the Court’s decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. Plessy was opinion as a landmark case that was decided in 1896 and upheld the constitutionality of laws passed by states that required racial segregation in public facilities under the separate but equal doctrine. This memo advised Justice Jackson to uphold Plessy in deciding Brown v. Board of Education in which a unanimous court ended up overturning Plessy.   From Private Practice to the Supreme Court Rehnquist spent 1953 to 1968 working in private practice in Phoenix before returning to Washington, D.C. in 1968 where he worked as an assistant attorney general for the Office of Legal Counsel until President Nixon appointed him as an associate Supreme Court justice. While Nixon was impressed with Rehnquist’ support for debatable procedures such as pretrial detention and wiretapping, but civil rights leaders, as well as some Senators, were not impressed due to the Plessy memo that Rehnquist had written some nineteen years earlier. During confirmation hearings, Rehnquist was grilled about the memo to which he responded that the memo accurately reflected Justice Jacksons views at the time it was written and was not pensive of his own views. Although some believed him to be a right-wing fanatic, Rehnquist was easily confirmed by the Senate. Rehnquist quickly showed the conservative nature of his views when joined Justice Byron White as being the only two who dissented from the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision. In addition, Rehnquist also voted against school desegregation. He voted in favor of school prayer, capital punishment, and states rights. Upon Chief Justice Warren Burger retirement in 1986, the Senate confirmed his appointment to replace Burger by a 65 to 33 vote. President Reagan nominated Antonin Scalia to fill vacant associate justice seat. By 1989, President Reagan’s appointments had created a new right majority which allowed the Rehnquist-led Court to release a number of conservative rulings on issues like capital punishment, affirmative action, and abortion. Also, Rehnquist led wrote the 1995 opinion in the United States v. Lopez case, in which 5 to 4 majority struck down as unconstitutional a federal act which made it illegal to carry a gun in a school zone. Rehnquist served as the presiding judge in President Bill Clinton’s impeachment trial. Further, Rehnquist supported the Supreme Court decision, Bush v. Gore, which ended attempts to recount Florida votes in the 2000 presidential election.  On the other hand, although the Rehnquist Court had the opportunity, it declined to overrule the libera l decisions of Roe v. Wade and Miranda v. Arizona.

The Gambia Visit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Gambia Visit - Essay Example He pointed out that the 1970 constitution divided the government into independent legislative. The constitution finds a safe bode in 1996, including a strong presidential government and protection of human rights. Regarding future political prospects, he was very optimistic. We got more than expected during this visit. Monday 2nd May: A lecture delivered by Dr. Emmanuel focused on Gambian law enhancement. He touched upon the sensitive issue of transatlantic diplomacy injuring the interests at home. Quoting a renowned work in this area, â€Å"states have traditionally from time to time reviewed the operation and effectiveness of their foreign ministries and diplomatic services. More often than not such inquiries have been occasioned by wide economic moves in the public sector or institutional rivalry.† His speech included issues harboring international peace and their implication, and foreign forces which are major players in devising the state’s internal policies. Recalling a piece of verbose from Dr. Emmanuel, â€Å"there is more to it than meets the eye†, brings to the forefront many of the devils at work. Nevertheless, the British ambassador in Tehran, Sir Anthony Parsons, does not support this. â€Å"The Embassy†, he notes â€Å"was primarily organized as an agency for the promotion of British exports and for the general commercial, financial and economic interests of the Britain†.... â€Å"The last incumbent also from Africa challenged the might of the empire, but Kofi Annan is known for his reconciliatory approach, than confrontatist posture. Like any other African congregation this one also brought out different diplomats in their colourful traditional attires. The accompanying music made every foot tap† (Gupta, 2005: page 123); A ground had been set for a positive and peaceful image of the country. â€Å"After 1871, political and cultural leaders recognized the instrumental and local music in cultural diplomacy† (Jessica C.E. Gienow-Hecht, 2009: page 36). This shows the impact art and craft has had on the nation’s subconscious mind of the diplomatic visage. This experience gave me some paradigms that had for quite some time remained at the back of my mind. Wednesday 4th May: The African Centre for Democracy and Human Right Studies was officially opened in 2001. During the visit, we were exposed to the eventful history gone through by the c enter. For the African Charter on Human and people’s rights to be effective, it was to be elaborated and comprehended by all Africa. This vision brought forth the formation of this center which was established to promote and insure respect of freedom, and to oversee that these freedoms do not go astray. â€Å"In order to find practicable solutions to institutional and existential problems caused by accelerating globalization diplomacy needs inter-disciplinary guidance by social sciences† (Bolewski, 2007: page 6). Adding to the already elaborated verbose in context of the need for social sciences to grow and take control of the growing diplomacy in trans-Atlantic relations, â€Å"Given that the issues cannot be ducked altogether, international human rights bodies have been reduced to

Frock Coats of Victoria And Albert Museum Essay

Frock Coats of Victoria And Albert Museum - Essay Example Amongst the dresses we will focus on not only the dresses of ladies but also on the dresses of men and children. Other then the dresses, what other accessories were required to be considered as a stylish person at that time, would also be discuussed. Different colours that were considered suitable for men and women of the Edwardarian era would also be discussed. How different fashions evolved over time would also be the focus of the topic. We will discuss about the dresses for different times of the day e.g dresses for morning, night dresses. Amongst the costumes collectd in the Victoria and Albert museum, frock coats will be considered for discussion. All other collectins will not be explained in detail. There is a large amount of history associated with arts and cultures of the A&V museum however only the historical background of frock coats will be given. The fashion of frock coats was firstly used in the 1901. what fashions and styles were acceptable in 1900's and before 1900's w ill also be discussed. Frock coats emerged in 1816. It is said that they originated from a garment called the "frock" which was the usual clothing in the eighteenth century. The colour of a frock coat was originally solid black. Nevertheless it was not a standard therefore in the Victorian era, charcoal grey also became a popular colour for frock coats. The length of the skirt of the frock coat also changed for different era's e.g during the Victorian era and Edwardian era1. This change was in accordance with the fashion. The conventional length of the frock coats became the length up to the knees but as the fashion trends changed, different people followed the latest trends of longer or shorter frock coats to wear. The cut of a frock coat with a waist seam flatters a man's figure, as opposed to a sack coats, and such frock coats remain part of some uniforms of military. They can either be single-breasted as in army uniforms, or double-breasted as in navy uniforms. In the Lithuanianyeshiva world, many pro minent figures wear a black frock coat also known as a kapotteh (accompanied by either a Homburg or Fedora hat) as formal wear.Before the Edwardian era, the fabric for Empire dresses was usually fine white lawn, muslin or batiste. Although muslins were less costly than silks, good white work embroidered lawn fabrics still cost money. Muslin also laundered better than silks, but the white muslins still needed a great deal of attention to keep them looking pristine clean. Regular wearing of white gowns was a sign of social status as white soiled so easily1. White gowns generally were kept for evening and in the day pastel or colored robes were thought more suitable. 1 Victorian Trading Co. Fashion. 2007. Net2 Business. May 2, 2008 The Spencer was a short top coat without tails worn by men during the 1790s as an extra covering over the tailed coat. It had long sleeves and was frequently decorated with military frogging.Its originator is thought to be Earl Spencer who singed the tails of his coat when standing beside a fire. He then had the tails trimmed off and started a fashion.A female version was soon adopted by gentlewomen who at the time were wearing the thin light muslin dresses of the 1790s2. The Spencer was worn as a cardigan is worn today. It was a short form of jacket to just above waist level cut on identical lines to the dress.

The effects of Strategic marketing on Business performance Literature review

The effects of Strategic marketing on Business performance - Literature review Example In the present era, market has become highly competitive. In this competitive market, a strategy is needed to offer product or service which will do better than the competition. The marketing strategy must be executed by a proper methodology. To create a marketing strategy for business a company should think about the following factors. When the market is attractive and the company is holding a strong position in that particular industry, then it must invest the best resources for supporting the offering. But if the company is not in a good position then it must focus on strengthening the company first. When the market is not that attractive and the company is holding a strong position in any industry, then the company should offer effective sales and marketing effort for creating good profit. Furthermore, in either case where company is not too strong then it should promote those offerings which will prove most profitable for business. Literature Review According to the study conduc ted by Jaakkola (2006), there is a strong connection between market and financial performance. Sales volume has direct effect on profit. Individual coefficient differs from country to country. Four measuring sets, i.e., market and innovation orientation, inside out, and outside in marketing were used for assessing marketing performance in few companies. The ‘inside out capabilities’ have high influence on performance in most of the sample country he used except Hong Kong because the market structure and strength of competition are favourable with high market orientation. The connection among market orientation and market performance is extremely low in Finland. This indicates that market orientation in Finland is bad and high market orientation of the business context does not pay off. Where Finnish companies are good in making profit from ‘inside out capabilities’, Austrian companies are good in converting ‘outside in capabilities’ into good b usiness performance. German companies are good into innovation orientation and generate profit with it. Finnish companies have a more positive outlook than others and they act in market oriented way. They continuously take customers and competition into account and hence the financial performance suffers from it. The effectiveness of strategic marketing process in Finnish companies is extremely low. This refers to strong focus on technological product improvement as emphasis should be put more on irrelevant development of processes and capabilities of company. It shows that how ‘inside out capabilities’ is the individual construct and have large influence on competitive advantage development and sustaining business performance. The innovation process positively relates to market performance and competitive advantages, but its total effect on financial performance is negative. The ‘outside in capabilities’ and marketing orientation include slight harmful out come on business performance of a company (Jaakkola, 2006). According to the researches done by Garland and Brooksbank (2008), the marketing strategy is quite prevalent in company in case of more comprehensive situation. The higher performing firms place more importance to an inclusive situation analysis than the lower performing companies. There are five kinds of situation study namely buyer, internal, marketplace, business environment and competitor.

Development Of Honorifics Within Cultures Cultural Studies Essay

Development Of Honorifics Within Cultures Cultural Studies Essay How does social hierarchy affect linguistic politeness and the development of honorifics within cultures. Japanese, Chinese English will be examined. Politeness is a cultural phenomenon. What is considered polite in one culture can be quite rude or just simply strange in another. An honorific on the other hand is a word, title or expression, which conveys politeness under certain cultural norms when addressing or referring to another person (Brown, 1987). In languages such as Chinese, honorifics operate under a self-denigration Maxim where one either elevates the other partys status and therefore conveying esteem or respect, and/or denigrating the self and thus elevating the relative status of a second or third person (Gu, 1990). To do otherwise is seen as being arrogant boasting, or self-conceited. In some languages such as Japanese, honorifics are also often used together with varying systems of honorific speech, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers (Haugh et. al., 2003). Agha (1994) goes on to suggest individuals who use more honorifics are further educated and mature, a nd therefore, of higher social status. Thus it can be hypothesized that politeness is intrinsically intertwined with the speakers cultural understanding and subsequent social status. This paper will explore how social hierarchy affects politeness through the changing use of honorifics. Chinese, Japanese and English will be examined to gain a wider understanding of this phenomenon. The closest Chinese translation of politeness is à §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼ à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã…’, meaning polite appearance. à §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼ à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã…’ is derived from the archaic Chinese wordà §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®. To have a better understanding of the modern conception of à §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼ à ¨Ã‚ ²Ã…’, it may be helpful to review the classical notion of à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ® formulated by Confucius. Confucius lived at a time when there was constant war between feudal states, partly due to a rapidly deteriorating slavery system. The former aristocratic social hierarchy was shattered, and chaos practically reigned over the land. One of the measures Confucius advocated towards stability was to restore à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®. This à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ® does not mean politeness; it refers to the social hierarchy and order of the slavery system of the Zhou Dynasty, which was regarded by Confucius as an ideal model of any society. In order to restore à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ® it is necessary to à ¦Ã‚ ­  £Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  i.e. rectify names. To à ¦Ã‚ ­Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚  is to put each individual in his/her place in the web of relationships that create community, and behaving accordingly to his/her social position so as to ensure social harmony (Taylor, 2003; Warren, 1980). This is important because: if ming is not properly rectified, speech cannot be used appropriately; if speech is not used appropriately, nothing can be achieved; if nothing is achieved, li cannot be restored: if li is not restored, law and justice cannot be exercised: and if law and justice are not exercised, people will not know how to behave. (Confucius, zilu , quoted by Yang (1987)) Thus speech had to be used appropriately in accordance with the users status in the social hierarchy so thatà §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®could be restored. For instance, a servant was required to call himself or herself à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚  (slave), while addressing his/her master as à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º (great man) or à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚  (master). Deviation from this usage, in Confucius view, would disrupt the established social order, hence creating social chaos. An inferiors violation of this usage, at that time, would have been considered as being à §Ã…  Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…   (offending the superior). This was a serious breach of à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®which could result in the severe punishment of the offender (Gu, 1990). Since the founding of the Peoples Republic in 1949, the feudal system, which has overseen China for over 5000 years, was abolished. A new order of social structure, the communist system was adapted where ideologically, everyone is an equal. Politeness and its role in this new way of life among the people were drastically changed as the pre-existing social hierarchy was viciously torn down. Consequently, many classical terms, which sounded either too denigrative or elevative in the contemporary political atmosphere, became obsolete. Examples of classical and contemporary denigrating and elevating honorifics from Gu (1990) include (Attachment 1) After the communist revolution, honorifics are only used for formal or volatile circumstances. Extreme honorifics such as the ones mentioned above are saved for TV shows and situations of extreme emphasis. A prime example of modern use of the self-denigration maxim is extracted from Gu (1990) below. (Attachment 2) Gu (1990) explains as thus: When M refers to Ss surname [I], he elevates it as precious surname, whereas in mentioning his own surname [4], he denigrates it by calling it worthless surname. S, on his part, though he does not denigrate his surname in response to As enquiry [2], denigrates instead himself as little brother (implicating that he is inferior to M). In his enquiry about Ms surname, on the other hand, S exhilarates it as respectable surname [3]. It is evident that the distance between self-denigration and other elevation was much larger in ancient China than that in modern China. Elevated honorifics are rarely used outside formal occasions; however the self-denigration maxim still underlines linguistic constructs in Chinese social interaction. The self-denigration maxim is also present in the Japanese politeness or teineisa known as rei. As the Japanese language was greatly influenced by Chinese, some parts copied directly such as the Kanji system, there are bound to be similarities pertaining to social hierarchy and its role in politeness. Rei is a Japanese version of the original Chinese à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ ®, however slightly diverged from the original concept. In spoken Japanese, with an honorific o-prefix, o-rei is commonly used in such expressions as o-rei wo suru (to do rei) meaning to express rei as an action; to give a gift to someone whom one is indebted to, or to bow (with no o-prefix). Also o-rei wo iu (to say rei) means to verbally express rei. It is often associated with using the arigatou thanking speech formula, and other speech formulae for apology, such as sumimasen, moushiwake arimasen (Ohashi, 2008). Before World War II, Japan was a Feudal society which placed extreme emphasis on class distinctions and social hierarchies. The variant factor which differentiated Japanese with Chinas changing attitude to politeness was the lack of a violent cultural revolution. Japans transition from a monarchy to the democracy it is today, saw little change in the populaces feelings towards social hierarchy. Therefore we see a broad array of honorific used for addressing or referring to people beyond that of the self-denigration maxim in everyday life. Third-person honorifics such as ore-sama and name+suffix referring to one-self are rarely used outside of popular culture. Commonly seen honorifics are generally gender-neutral and suffixed to first names as well as surnames. Some common affixual honorifics are as follows: Nominal(common): -san The minimal politeness necessary when there is a lack of familiarly between the speakers. Diminutive(common): -chan, -kun Where the addressee is usually that of a lower social status or has a close familiarity with the speaker. Elevative: -sama, -sempai, -sensei, -shi  ­Where the addressee is that or a higher social status or held in great respect by the speaker. Dropping the honorific referred to as yobisute implies a high degree of intimacy, however if used mistakenly or out of such boundaries, social backlash can occur as this is a serious breach of teineisa. Okamoto (1999) views the use of honorifics as determined by features of the context. Honorifics are commonly said to be used in reference to the relevant individual who is perceived as distant from the speaker. Other factors such as formality of the setting, means of communication and topic discussed, have also been noted to affect the use of honorifics and honorific speech. In Japanese, honorifics are also often used together with varying systems of honorific speech, by either grammatically or morphologically changing what is being said. This results in varying ways of saying the exact same thing albeit with varying levels of teineisa. For example, Haugh et al. (2003) illustrates the different ways of saying today is Saturday to varying circumstances below. (32a) (to a close friend) Kyoo wa doyoobi da. today Top Saturday Cop(NonPol) (32b) (to an acquaintance) Kyoo wa doyoobi desu. today Top Saturday Cop(Pol) (32c) (to a guest on a formal occasion) Kyoo wa doyoobi degozaimasu. today Top Saturday Cop(SuperPol) (ibid: 415). The last sentence (32c) is what would be referred as keigo. To go a step further, we have three sub-categories of honorific speech: sonkeigo , respectful language; kensongo or kenjÃ…Â go, humble language; and teineigo, polite language. Below is a chart from Wikipedia which outlines the various morphological changes in words necessary for varying situations. (Attachment 3) To make a mistake in such complex mutilation of language is easy indeed! Due to the complexity of honorific speech, Agha (1994) even suggests individuals who use more honorifics are further educated and mature, and therefore, are of a higher social status. However, one must keep in mind, similar to the many archaic honorifics in Chinese, these specialized forms are rarely if ever used outside extremely formal or special circumstances. Agha (1994) further notes modern Japanese, especially the newer generations, seem to deemphasize hierarchy, where those in higher standing would use honorifics towards their subordinates. The author interprets such use of honorifics as an attempt to reduce the hierarchically defined distance by reciprocating respect. This phenomenon suggests a change in the ideology of honorifics that reflects ongoing social change in Japan. Modern English has a very few Honorifics, all of which are titles pre-fixing a persons name. This exhaustive list from Wikipedia is shown below Ms: default use for women regardless of marital status. Miss: for use by unmarried women only. Mrs: for use by married women only. Mr: for men. Master: for boys or very young men. Dr: a person who has obtained a doctorate, such as the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Rev: for Christian clergy Fr: for priests in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity, and some Anglican or Episcopalian groups The first four are simple variations of standard title. Master is uncommonly heard and the latter three examples are titles of profession. There is also no official honorific speech in modern English, the closest relative to that in Chinese and Japanese would be the languages used towards royalty in old English. The lack of honorifics can be attributed to drastic cultural aversion towards large gaps in the social hierarchy. Most leading western countries operate under some form of democracy, where wars were fought over to take power out of a single persons hands and spread equally to the populace. Regardless of how effective this is in practice, the people still perceive equality as paramount in social hierarchy; that the leader of state is just another person elected by the masses. This is in direct contradiction to thought prevalent in the past when Asian languages were being developed. The head of state, otherwise, emperor was usually symbolized as a divine being with a god-given right to rule. This is similar to European feudal thought towards monarchies; however one has to take into account the time it takes for languages to develop. Indeed if the English monarchy had a history as long as Chinas five thousand years, the western world today would be talking in flowery honorifics. Interestingly, in western culture, honorifics are more commonly used in religion, most notably Christianity. Every station in the Christian religion has an honorific, with the Pope associated with holiness at the pinnacle of the hierarchy. The development and contemporary usage of such honorifics can be attributed to the continual existence and popular belief of the Christian religion over the last two millennia. Ultimately politeness and honorifics reflect cultural values towards social hierarchies. Many of these systems operate under a self-denigration maxim, to do otherwise is seen as breaching etiquette and may have severe repercussions. Honorifics are also often used together with varying systems of honorific speech, many of which are obsolete in modern society. Not only is politeness intrinsically intertwined with the cultural values, but as discussed, it takes a long period where a stable social hierarchy with clearly distinguished levels exists for the continual development and use of honorifics. Nevertheless, politeness will always be integral to human nature and the manner or form of how we execute civility are fundamentally ever-changing.

I am a rock :: essays research papers

I am a rock When reading or listening to poetry, the main objective for me is to feel moved. Happiness, longing, sadness are some of the feelings that can be achieved just by listening to others’ words. It is within these words that creates another world, or separates us from our own. Words all have a certain kind of attachment to them, so if used properly an author can stimulate a reader beyond belief. Simon and Garfunkel were just those kinds of poets. Their words were able to stimulate an emotion with most of their readers. Simon and Garfunkel are one of my favorite artists, and in my opinion one of the most influential lyricist of their time. In their song, â€Å"I am a rock†, they are able to make you feel and question for someone who avoiding emotional attachment, and instead of questioning what it might be like, using their words to but you in their place. From the first stanza of this song, you get put into a scene. You know almost immediately that it is about someone, and it is the middle of December, but without stating the obvious, it paints a more illustrated picture for you. The first line states, â€Å"A winters day, in a deep and dark December† and I could almost immediately feel a cool breeze around me. When I normally think of a winter’s day, I think of people playing in the snow, and having a good time. This may be because I grew up in Southern California where there has been a lack of snow, but in my head, that is what I imagine. Having them state, in a deep and dark December, turns my attitudes to the more pessimistic way of looking at things. The image of children playing in the snow in my head has now turned to cold and dark emptiness. Reinstating my idea of emptiness, the next line follows with the simply statement, â€Å"I am alone†. Personally, I hate being alone. So to have the opening words plac e us in a deep and dark setting, and then state that you are alone, automatically puts me in a negative mindset. Then to further instate his isolation in the next stanza the narrator admits to being the source of his seclusion. The narrator claims to put walls around him, but then goes into it more to say, â€Å" A fortress deep and mighty†. I am a rock :: essays research papers I am a rock When reading or listening to poetry, the main objective for me is to feel moved. Happiness, longing, sadness are some of the feelings that can be achieved just by listening to others’ words. It is within these words that creates another world, or separates us from our own. Words all have a certain kind of attachment to them, so if used properly an author can stimulate a reader beyond belief. Simon and Garfunkel were just those kinds of poets. Their words were able to stimulate an emotion with most of their readers. Simon and Garfunkel are one of my favorite artists, and in my opinion one of the most influential lyricist of their time. In their song, â€Å"I am a rock†, they are able to make you feel and question for someone who avoiding emotional attachment, and instead of questioning what it might be like, using their words to but you in their place. From the first stanza of this song, you get put into a scene. You know almost immediately that it is about someone, and it is the middle of December, but without stating the obvious, it paints a more illustrated picture for you. The first line states, â€Å"A winters day, in a deep and dark December† and I could almost immediately feel a cool breeze around me. When I normally think of a winter’s day, I think of people playing in the snow, and having a good time. This may be because I grew up in Southern California where there has been a lack of snow, but in my head, that is what I imagine. Having them state, in a deep and dark December, turns my attitudes to the more pessimistic way of looking at things. The image of children playing in the snow in my head has now turned to cold and dark emptiness. Reinstating my idea of emptiness, the next line follows with the simply statement, â€Å"I am alone†. Personally, I hate being alone. So to have the opening words plac e us in a deep and dark setting, and then state that you are alone, automatically puts me in a negative mindset. Then to further instate his isolation in the next stanza the narrator admits to being the source of his seclusion. The narrator claims to put walls around him, but then goes into it more to say, â€Å" A fortress deep and mighty†.