DQweek1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DQweek1 - Essay Example If bitmap image are used, then the images will be blurred and will not be clear when they are being viewed. The advantage of using this is that the drawings will show the various boundaries between the different types of plants that are found in a botanical setting (Griep, 2005). Fingerprints are drawn by using bitmaps. This is because finger prints are not that clear. The representation of the lines and the prints on the finger are not that clear. The use of bitmaps should be differentiated so that the dots can be used to connect the various lines. It is more impressive and representative when bitmaps are used in the drawing of fingerprints. Cartoons re drawn using lines so that the outline is well defined. This will therefore use lines to connect the cartoon. Using bitmaps will not being the outline and will bring the notion that the cartoon is a picture of something and not a drawing. A satellite image is represented using bitmaps. This is because it is an image. The image brings out the notion of a picture. In this case, we are representing a picture which is an image of a satellite. We are not representing a daring in this case. We are representing an image which should be represented using bitmaps to bring out the image and the notion of a picture. A photograph is not drawn. There are dots which are located in the photograph. There is no line outline that is used in online of the [photograph. The clarity of the photographs will depend on the clarity and the make/model of the device which has been used to take the photograph. The advantage of this is that if the dots are distributed, then the image will not be that clear. It will be hard to get the details and decipher the meaning from the image that has been shown. There are various differing formats of graphics. The graphic is converted or retained in a certain format because they serve the purpose better in that format that the user does want. There are various

Inequality in our Education System Essay Example for Free

Inequality in our Education System Essay Education is vital to all individuals. It is the foundation of ones development in order to achieve personal distinction. In addition, it also equips people the capacity to properly interact with other people. Education serves as a weapon for survival. It empowers ones capacity and provides an edge in any endeavor that one wishes to get involved in. For example, in securing a job, a decent   and impressive educational attainment is one of the qualifications necessary in order to get hired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schools are designed to provide the adequate needs for attaining quality education. Schools should provide competent teachers, rigorous curriculum and modern facilities and equipments. But few   Americans are aware of the massive disparity and inequality that are consuming the educational system. Although it is not proper and ideal, the social status of an individual greatly affects the quality of education that one receives (Darling- Hammond, 2008, p. 208).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tracking, in the area of education, recognizes the gap between the low-income, minority students and their well-off peers. Ethnic and linguistic minority students coming from low-income background oftentimes only afford admission to general and vocational courses, thus decreasing their chance, if not totally depriving them from pursuing college education (Mehan and Hubbardm, 1999, n.p). Schools with high concentration of low-income and minority students receive fewer and poor quality learning resources than the other schools within the same district (Darling- Hammond, 2008, p. 208).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Along with medical assistance and social welfare, ideally the education sector should be alloted with a larger portion from the state budget and should be appropriately divided among all the schools. But ironically, educational fund in the United States has also been unequally distributed to all schools. 10% of the wealthiest school district in the most industrialized country spend 10 times more than the 10% least fortunate. The number of poor and minority students are definitely higher in the least funded schools, mostly located at the central cities and rural areas, which is lowly funded than the schools in the suburban districts. Recent study shows that Alabama, New Jersey, New York, Louisiana, and Texas and schools with higher ratio of students of non-White American descent receive fewer resources than schools serving a greater number of White Americans (Darling- Hammond, 2008, p. 208).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To address the issue of racism within the educational system, the idea of hidden curriculum was coined. Hidden curriculum pertains to the messages passed on by the organization or pedadogical institution apart from their public statements. The hidden curriculum is aimed to teach the students of school routines and to enable students in getting along in school and in the society in general. The messages in hidden curriculum may complement or contradict each other. In a way, it opens the minds of students to the possibility that some of the innate principles and natural laws enclosed within the democratic political system, may not at all times be practiced (Cornbleth. 2008, n.p).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Earlier studies proved that hidden curriculum conveyed in public and private schools were different. Public schools mainly focuses on academic classrooms with an emphasis on things like race, ethnicity, disability, and gender or sexual orientation as well as social class, politics, and culture (Cornbleth, 2008, n.p).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years, we have overcome indecency caused by racism. As our culture succumbs to the tenets of globalization, people of different faces and races have been drawn closer towards each other. And this trend would ideally suggest equality among people born out of different ethnicities. The irregularities in our education systems rooted from unjust   policies have caused inequality in our schools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tracking, has kept the students separated from others based on their skin color and income. Tracking is therefore a form of racism, wherein students coming from different race and low-income background can never avail of the same oppurtunities, benefits and treatment that other students get. School funding policies branch from tracking, where schools serving more students who they believe are from inferior color and race, receive lesser funds than other schools. And last, hidden curriculum disposes messages that rationalized disparity among students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any way, the school shall serve as an institution where values and culture formation is hastened. But if an important and delicate institution like schools inculcate disparity amongst the people, then students and the whole society will be deprived of the rights that everyone must equally enjoy. References Cornbleth, Catherine. (2008). Hidden Curriculum. Retrieved May 3 2008 from http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1899/Curriculum-School-HIDDEN-CURRICULUM.html Darling-Hammond, Linda. (2001). Inequality in Teaching and Schooling: How Opportunity Is Rationed to Students of Color in America. In The Right Thing to Do, The Smart Thing to Do Enhancing Diversity in the Health Professions (pp. 208-233). National Academy. Mehan, Hugh and Lea Hubbard. (July 1999). Tracking Untracking: Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Educational Innovation. Retrived May 3 2008 from http://crede.berkeley.edu/research/tier/rb3.shtml

Portrayal Of Women In Advertisements Media Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Advertisements Media Essay This Article was written by Jacob M. Duker and Lewis R.Tucker, Jr. in 1977. In this article the discussion is based on the portrayal of women in advertising. The article basically says that the negative impact of women through advertisement showing them as housewives or sex objects have become a major source of concern for the women. The National Organization of Women (NOW) complained in 1971 that the women were still portrayed as domestic adjuncts, demeaned housekeepers, dependent on men, submissive, sex objects and unintelligent. According to the article the research that was conducted by Courtney and Lockeretz, sexton and haberman on advertisements and print advertisements concluded on the note that women were not portrayed accurately meaning that the advertisements do no show the actual role occupied by women in a Society and the image of women reflected in ads is quite narrow. Now only the proportions of sex-object role portrayals have decreased significantly whereas the others have not. However the role of women in advertisements has improved quite a lot since the old times as they are not portrayed as the stereotyped women as they were portrayed before. But still the fact is that more advertisements are made on women being as sex objects, or house wives. As the hypothesis statement of this article states that there is no difference in the perception of advertisements portraying women in the role of mother, sex objects, housewife, or glamour girl between female subjects who show strong and those who show weak orientations toward the womens liberation movement. In order to explain this relationship quantitative research was conducted in which College students were used exclusively because they are the ones who are most likely to adopt current popular opinion towards both womens lib and sex role portrayal in advertisements. Moreover it relies on the use of actual advertisements. Ads were pretested to insure that they did reflect the identified feminist issues. The pretests involved discussion of the ads with 30 female under-graduates to identify ads whose literal (as opposed to symbolic) messages were understood and which did project the image of women respectively as mother, sex object, glamour girl, housewife, working mother, modern woman, and professional, respectively. The following advertisements were chosen. 1. Mother feeding baby with a new disposable bottle (mother). 2. Beautiful female positioned by a line of cosmetics explicitly emphasizing sexiness (sex object). 3. Beautiful female being featured as a center of attention because o f her beautiful hair, the result of using a well-known creme rinse (glamour girl). 4. Several housewives taking part in a testimonial for a new pressure-type drain opener (housewife). 5. A cereal ad featuring a mother with a young daughter discussing the importance of pursuing a career while being able to look out for the welfare of the family (working mother). 6. Beautiful female positioned in a hair coloring ad as an independent individual free to pursue anything without worry (modern woman). 7. Biographical profile of a female orchestra conductor indicating the brand of Scotch whiskey she preferred (professional). The advertisements was shown to 104 females between the ages of 18 and 21 who represented the student body of a northeastern university. The sample is biased toward younger, educated individuals. Coming to the Results only for advertisement 2, which portrayed a female as a sex object, did they obtained chi square value of 4.122 begin to approach significance. For all ot her role representations, the chi square values reflecting differences among groups did not exceed 1.76. These findings are especially striking because they involve the reactions of the two conceptually predetermined polar groups, the traditionalists and the pro feminists. Of further interest is the finding that the three groups of respondents showed no significant differences in both their positive and their negative reactions. The two polar groups both liked the portrayals in advertisements 2, 3, 4, and 7, both disliked the portrayals in advertisement 1, and groups were divided relatively evenly toward those in advertisements 5 and 6. This study has established an important conclusion with regard to profeminism and its relationship to reactions to roles for women (portrayal of women) in advertisements. We know now that having pro-feminist opinions does not change the roles being assigned to women in advertisements. So the dependent variable in this article will be perception of ad vertisements portraying women and the independent variable will be strong and those who show weak orientations toward the womens liberation movement. Womens Role Portrayal Preferences in Advertisements: An Empirical Study This Article is written by Lawrence H. Wortzel and John M. Frisbie in Oct, 1974. This article is based on the two published studies which did research on the role that women portrayal in print advertising. The Courtney and Lockeretz study concluded that the women are right on the part where they say that full views of their roles in a society are not shown. They are always shown as housewives or some fashion object or the most common as sex objects. These roles do not define a women and role they play or have to play in a society. The other case study by Wagner and Banos indicates that there has been a large amount of improvement in showing womens role as a working member of a society. However they did not do much research on the effectiveness of the advertisement meaning that what kind of advertisement do women find more appealing or does the advertisement showing women in a working role make the product more better or desirable compared to the advertisements in which women were sho wn as sex or fashion object. Therefore this research has two hypothesis statements, one, when a women appears in an advertisement the desirability of the product advertised to women exposed to the ads will be enhanced if that woman is portrayed in a career or neutral role, rather than a sex object, family, or fashion object role. Two, those women who most strongly agree with the tenets of women liberation Movement will most strongly consider a products desirability enhanced when a woman appearing in the ad is portrayed in a career or neutral role, rather than a sex object, family, or fashion object role. The traditional role of women was however not rejected. In this experiment, subjects were asked to design print ads by matching pictures of products with pictures of women. Two portfolios were prepared: one consisting of pictures of products, the other containing pictures of women. The product portfolio consisted of pictures of three products in each of seven product categories: small appliances, large appliances, womens grooming products, womens personal products, household products, foods, and mens grooming and personal products. The specific product categories were selected to provide diversity while remaining within the boundaries of plausibility; each product category is one in which the picture of a woman in an advertisement would not be unexpected. Any product that consistently used advertising that portrayed a woman in a particular role was rejected to minimize possible bias due to conditioning. The portfolio of womens pictures consisted of five pictures depicting women in ea ch of the five roles-neutral, family, career, sex object, and fashion object-for a total of 25 pictures in all. The two portfolios were presented to a convenience sample of 100 young (ages 21 to 35) women. While the sample of young women was not drawn randomly, every effort was made to insure that a distribution of demographic characteristics would be achieved. The results indicated no consistent preference for specific female roles that always enhance product desirability and that cut across product categories. Coming to the result we must see that the women participating in this experiment appear to have chosen their preferred role-background on the basis of the specific product class with which they were con-fronted. For products that are usually used by households or families, the family role-back-ground was preferred. Preference for the family role-background was marginal for small appliances and strong for large appliances and food. For products that women use alone the neutra l or career role-backgrounds were prefer-red, although the traditional fashion role was still acceptable. There is no product for which a sex-object role was considered the most enhancing role portrayal. After doing several research and experiment the article concludes by saying that women are indeed very happy when they are portrayed as traditional homemaker, fashion or sex objects. Women did find their liberation in ad to be portrayed by a housewife role. The reason they prefer these role portrayals they chose could be that advertisement has played a big part in making women accept the traditional role portrayals in ads in advertisements. So the dependent variable in this article will be desirability of the product and the independent variable will be exposed to the ads and woman portrayed in a career or neutral role. Amanda B. Bower (Autumn, 2001)Highly Attractive Model in Advertising and the Women who Loathe Them: The implications of Negative Affect for Spokesperson Effectiveness This Article is written by Amanda B. Bower in 2001. In this article the author tries to explain the impact that good looking models in advertisements, have on the self esteem of the women. As we know that the use of Attractive Models in advertising has become very popular in the world today but the effect is yet to be measure. Some women may have negative effects by comparing themselves to the attractive model and may think less of themselves. The purpose of the research was to find out that if the highly attractive images of women in advertising can persuade and if they have a positive or negative impact on the women living in a society. The physical Attractiveness plays a very important role as women want to compare themselves with the images of perfection, flawlessness, skinniness and beauty depicted in advertising. Would the one comparing herself would have an effect on her self-esteem and have a negative effect on the spokes person effectiveness. The results of the study showed that the people who compared themselves to the spokes person actually had a negative reaction and the effectiveness of the spokes person was reduced. This tells us that that there although there may be negative relation between negative effect and spokesperson efficiency but still the negative relation has to be more high for model derogation to take place. The patterns suggest an interesting limited condition. For Methodology 38 undergraduates were chosen and were given 5 photos of models to select from who would look better using the treadmill. The photos that were given were chosen from more than 100 photos of models from different magazines and none of them were from advertisements. While conducting the first study it was kept in mind that HAM would be the ones with who majority would like to compare themselves so to simplify the findings, a second study was performed. It was decided to take such a product that would emphasize more on the malleable part of womans physical appear ance. This was done in order to see if the negative effect still existed when the body was not strongly emphasized on as it was done in the first case study. Regarding first study results strong evidence was shown that the comparers report relatively high levels of comparison with the model, whereas non-comparers report relatively low levels of comparison. Comparers had more negative feelings and found the models to be more attractive than the non-comparers. Results regarding Study 2 where One hundred eleven women participated indicated that the mean beauty evaluation (10.88) was again at approximately the midpoint of the scale and was not significantly different from the HAM beauty in the first study. This suggests again that the subjects view the model as representing the average beautiful model presented in advertising. The purpose of this study was see whether the highly attractive models had an ability to persuade and also if HAMs had an positive or negative effect on women. Re sults showed that more importance is given to Spokesperson expertise and evaluation of product in a advertisement in product evaluation and intentions. So the dependent variable in this article will be self esteem and the independent variable will be advertising, and physical Attractiveness. Images of Women in Advertisements: Effects on Attitudes Related to Sexual Aggression This Article is written by Kyra Lanis and Katherine Covell in 1998. In this Article they have tried to make a point that portrayal of women by media can influence sexual attitudes and beliefs. As we all know that Advertising has a very strong power of persuading and manipulating. Bretl and Canto(1988) estimated and found out that a average american is exposed to over 37,000 advertisements each year. Certain Role Portrayals have been played by women in advertisements but according to this article very little attention has been given to the portrayal of sexuality of women in advertisements. So basically the purpose of this article and research is to see the effects of advertisements when women are presented in sexually provocative or a non-traditional manner. According to the article the stereotypic portrayal has an impact on attitudes of women as they become more conscious and have social anxiety meaning they start to believe that they have to be like the stereotypic women displayed i n advertisements as the others might start judging them if they act differently. Secondly their desire and motivation to achieve anything becomes very low and their interest in politics participation decreases and this all because of the impact of stereotypic portrayed of women in advertisements.. For the experiment 90 participants were taken out of which 45 were males and the other 45 were females and they were all undergraduate students from university of Toronto. There were 2 studies on which participants had to participate. First study was to make own judgments about some advertisements and a second study in which they had to assist with the normalization of a questionnaire being made by a researcher. The results showed that control advertisements were rated as more appealing than the sex objects and progressive advertisements. The research further concludes by saying that although in some places women are also being depicted in wide range of social and occupational roles but th ere has been a vast increase in the sexually exploitive use of women in advertisements. So the dependent variable in this article will be sexual attitudes and beliefs whereas the independent variable will be portrayal of women and advertising. A Longitudinal View of Womens Role Portrayal In Television Advertising The Article has been written by Marjorie Caballero and Paul J. Solomon in 1984. In this article by Adrian Furnham and Nadine Bitar, growing awareness of womens role in society has been told meaning that women are now participating more in the labor force and that is changing the image of women and now people are again evaluating womens contribution in a society. This role of women also has had many criticisms and some revolve around the stereotypical sex-role portrayal of women in the mass media. Here, the hypothesis of this article would be that the marketers and society have begun to accept the changing role of women. The article also tells that according to the findings Women were portrayed more in decorative roles and in the home compared to men. And even if they were shown doing work in advertisements, the jobs that they had in the advertisements were traditional female Occupations and there was rarely a time when women were portrayed as professionals or authorities. The image we assume of a women by watching advertisements are of a young beautiful girl found in her home or kitchen and whenever she has any problems she is looking for some male influence to solve her problems. She is a sex-object and her job is take care of the male. For the research a quantitative methodology was followed, total of 2095 and 1872 commercials were reviewed and analyzed in 1977 and 1980 respectively. The Commercials were analyzed according to the following variable which was channel, time of day, ad distribution, characters women appear with, age, product category, role played by women and voice over. According to report trends by Schneider and Schneider showed that the changing roles being shown in the advertisements are being accepted by the society. So the dependent variable in this article will be belief and the independent variable will be awareness. The Impact of Women in Advertisements on Attitudes Towards Women This article is written by Natalie J. MacKay and Katherine Covell in 1997. In this Article, a link is trying to be shown between images of women in advertisements and sexual attitudes. The continuous showing of these kind of advertisements undermine womens striving for equality. Media has played a huge part in our culture. According to the article the people really do have perception that gender role and traits of men and women shown in advertisements is how they actually live in real world where men are shown as the one with the authority and the ones dominating on women whereas women are shown as the ones who only worry about their body image and are sex objects and are answerable to the men. According to the hypothesis that is males are most likely to be affected by advertisement type toward sexual aggression whereas females are not received partial support. According to Livingstone and Green all this portrayal advertisement is creating negative attitudes. The article further says that over the past 5 decades the portrayals in advertisement has changed. Earlier women were shown as objects of sexual gratification, house makers, spouses and mothers. But now as women have started to enter the workforce, the image of women have begun to transform. Now women have started becoming the main characters in advertisements where they are portrayed as working in market place and in progressive occupations and are shown as equal to their male counterparts. The positive change has changed the image of women of only being sex objects. But the opposing portrayals of women have started to confuse people about womens role in society because people still believed in the stereotyped women that were shown in previous advertisements. For Methodology 46 female and 46 middle class undergraduate students were selected from rural University College. Only Print Ad vertisement had been used. Before starting the study 150 colored advertisements from different magazines were rated by a senior psychology class. Rating was based on general appeal and the extent to which they met the criteria of exemplifying sex image. Out of the 150 advertisements there were 35 advertisements which were rated consistently as appealing and exemplifying sex image. These 35 advertisements were then shown to different undergraduate psychology class who did not take part in the main study. After there rating the final 20 advertisements were selected in which there was one set of 10 sex image and one set of 10 progressive image. After this the study took place and each participant was tested individually. They had to rate the picture on scale of 5 on the basis of use of color, graphical design, amount of product information presented, spatial layout and most importantly general appeal rating. The results Showed that Progressive Advertisements were rated more appealing t han the sex image advertisements. So we can conclude by saying that advertisements in which women have been shown in productive roles and are not shown as the typical stereotypical labels attached to them have been given unfavorable ratings. Perhaps it is because women are now being considered less feminine as they were shown earlier. So the dependent variable in this article will be attitudes and the independent variable will be portrayal advertisement. The Portrayal of Womens Images in Magazine Advertisements: Goffmans Gender Analysis Revisited This Article has been written by Mee-Eun Kang in 1997. The purpose of this article was to show the changes in the image of women in magazine advertisements since Goffmans 1979 study. According to the findings indicated in the article the images of women seen in 1991 advertisements is pretty much the same compared to the images found in 1979 advertisements. But however change was found in the stereotypical portrayal of women. The magazine of 1991 showed more body display than those from 1979. The hypothesis of this study is as follows: The print advertisements in 1991 samples will show less frequent gender displays in terms of function ranking, ritualization of subordination, relative size, feminine touch, licensed withdrawal, body display, and independence (self-assertiveness) than those of 1979. According to gender behavior told by Goffman relationship, playing the instructing role and main telephonic conversations are no longer shown in modern magazine advertisements. Moreover the article says that now the advertisements target more specific audiences. Other than that the Print Advertisement has almost remained the same but the huge change has been seen in the TV Advertisements and that is due to cultural alterations. The purpose of TV advertisements is to maximize demand of a product and using women in a sexist tone in advertisements has had more collective implications and according of Goffman if the media play their part correctly the people watching these advertisements are forced to believe that the way in which women are depicted in advertisements is indeed the way women live in reality. For methodology magazine advertisement was the unit of analysis. Print Advertisements were taken from 1979 and 1991 womens popular magazines. A Total of 504 magazine advertisements we re selected for this study in which 252 were from 1979 magazine and the other 252 were from 1991 magazine. The forms of gender display that were measured while comparing these advertisements were Feminine Touch, Relative Size, Function Ranking, Body Display, Self Assertiveness, Ritualization of Subordination and Licensed Withdrawal. The results showed that the there was not much change in the extent of sexism in magazines and the hypothesis is unsupported. Therefore it is concluded by saying that the portrayal of women in advertisements has not changed much since 1979. Still the same stereotyped images of women are being shown in magazine. So the dependent variable in this article will be perception of audiences and the independent variable will be advertisement and cultural alteration. The Elastic Body Image: The Effect of Television Advertising and Programming on Body Image This Article has been written by Myers, P.N., Biocca in 1992. In this article it has been told that the stereotypes of women shown in advertisements where women are being portrayed as being the sex object and the ones with perfect body has started creating so many problems for the young generations girls. The girls have actually been so demotivated and disturbed by the stereotypes that they have started having eating disorders which has started to bring so many health issues for them. The hypothesis statement in this article is whether the ideal body shown in advertisements and print advertisements play a key role in making women believe that body size is not perfect?. Therefore the Independent Variable in this article will be Ideal Body Programming and Body Commercials which affect the females thinking towards their body images and mood. According to Downs and Harrison work, viewers receive 5260 attractiveness messages per year out of which 1850 messages deal directly with beauty. Two researches with sample size of 1000 and 446 were conducted towards the perceived body image. All the participants were mid or late teens. The results showed that body images were misperceived. The last part of experimentation will be based on elastic body image referring to rickety self image. For that image following Hypothesis has been formed H1: Conflict will take place between internalized body ideal body and objective body shape because of exposure to body image advertising and programming. The conflict will lead to depression, self loathing, rejection and anxiety. For this a study took place where 76 college students in the age range of 15 to 24 took part to test the hypothesis. 120 advertisements were selected out of which 60 were BIC and the other 60 were NIC. The advertisement had to be rated for body image oriented ones and neutral image oriented ones. The advertisement which had highest scores in both category were selected and then video was made including the highest scoring commercials of both categorys and were watched by the subjects. The hypothesis was true to some amount because BIC did have a distorting effect but in way contradictory to the hypothesis. The mood change before and after the tapes were played were measured by The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL). Body image distortion was measured through a Body Image Detection Device (BIDD) was used to measure Body image distortion. The statistics were then used by the researchers to conclude the result on mood and body image through ANOVA and ANCOVA. Waltz,T. (November 24, 2004). The Effects of Magazines on the Self-Esteem and Portrayal of Stereotypes in Teenagers The Article has been written by Waltz T. on November 24, 2004. The article basically says that the Stereotypes shown in magazine and the print advertisements shown have had a huge impact on the self confidence and representation of girls in the real world as they feel less of themselves now and have been demoralized and demotivated after seeing such Print advertisements. The independent variable will be the stereotypes depicted in the advertisements whereas the dependent variable will be self esteem and self image. The Survey conducted at Mason High School in November 2004 was done to see if Magazines had any positive or negative effect on both genders and whether they believed that the gender portrayed in magazine were realistic or not and also to see if according to them the stereotypes were being enforced in magazine. The Female survey showed that the most read magazine among girls ranging in age from 15 to 18 years was Seventeen with 50%, 47% read Cosmopolitan, 21% read YM and 21 % read other magazines. 41% of the survey takers took the tips that are offered in the magazine and 35% of the women believed to have a positive change in their lives. Only 9% felt that Seventeen, Cosmopolitan, YM and other magazines portrayed gender correctly whereas 79% felt stereotypes were being enforced by the variety of magazines. The Male surveys also had some interesting results. Age range was between 15 to 18. It was found out 31% of men that were surveyed read teenager magazines with maxim read by most at 23%, 4% read Esquire, 0% read Razor and 12% other magazines. Shockingly 19% of the males admitted that they read girl magazines. Only 8% men used the tips offered in the magazine. 19% of men had a positive change. 12% felt that gender was portrayed realistically and 50% believed that stereotypes were enforced in magazines. The author concludes by saying that magazines are the main reason for stereotypes having negative effects on teenagers nowadays and and giving them wro ng version of the world and the people living in it. The article is related to the research as talks about the impact of print advertisements and how they have had effect on teenagers. Joellen W. Hawkins and Cynthia S. Aber(1993) Women in Advertisements in Medical Journals This Article has been written by Joellen W.Hawkins and Cynthia S. Aber in 1993. In this article it is written that according to studies conducted by Prather and Fidell there is more chance of women being in advertisements where they have to be pictured as needing psychoactive drugs, whereas there is more chance that men are depicted in advertisements for non-psychoactive drugs. Moreover the article says that all this is done because it is believed that women problems are related to emotional symptoms whereas men suffer problems, pressure and anxiety due to work pressure they get from their offices. The evidence of gender differences is also apparent in the wording of ads. Mens problems are told in advertisement in a clean and direct manner whereas womens problems are told in a humorous way because people assume that women really have no tension and pressures except to look good and maintain their body figures. A study was designed in order to see that what are the images of women as providers and consumers of health care that are portrayed in picture advertisements in medical journals and specially to see if there was any difference in the images of portraying men and women in picture advertisements. In Methodology 209 picture advertisements were taken from general and clinical medical journals and all pictures which portrayed women as either providers or consumer were included in the selected picture advertisements. Out of the 209 advertisements 76 were found to appear more than once, 43 appeared twice, 12 three times, 7 four times, 13 between 5 to 10 times and one ad appeared 17 times. The advertisements shown are very gender stereotyped showing women as disorientated and needing medication for sleep or depression, women as passive and men as active, men as authority figures and women as their patients, men as workers and women as sex objects or virgin. The article is concluded by saying that the number of labor force of women working has increased over the p ast two decades but a examination of medical advertisements made it clear that women are still not being shown the way they really are in reality. In this article the independent variable is image of women as psychoactive drugs and the dependent variable is the problems it creates among women. The article is related to the research as it tells the effects of advertisement on people according to the gender.

Free Billy Budd Essays: Triumph of Good over Evil :: Billy Budd Essays

Triumph of Good over Evil in Billy Budd Herman Melville's Billy Budd is a classic tale of good and evil. Good is constantly attacked by evil - until good falters. Through the use of many literary devices, Melville makes a compelling story and develops his theme. He shows that the good and righteous will triumph over evil at the end, even when the evil is death. The protagonist, Billy Budd, is the major force of good in the book. Billy is a young man who seems to have everything going for him. He is big, strong, handsome, and he has a personality that draws everyone to him. Everywhere he goes, he charms people, gaining the respect of those around him. A great deal of imagery is used in describing how aesthetically perfect Billy is. ***Give an example of this from the text*** Besides Billy's stutter, he seems absolutely perfect. Billy is a sailor. His original ship was the Rights-Of-Man, but he is later impressed by the Bellipotent and he becomes a foretop man. As usual, he charms everyone. They even call him "The Handsome Sailor." On the ship, Billy is respected by everyone except the protagonist, John Claggart. Claggart is extremely jealous and holds a considerable amount of contempt for him. ***What is the relationship between Billy and Claggart?*** At first he tries to be nice to Billy, but soon his true jealousies surface. He begins to scold Billy for insignificant lapses and tries to degrade him. In one instance when Billy spills a bowl of soup, Claggart sardonically says to Billy, "Handsome is as handsome did it Deep inside, Claggart also thinks that Billy is secretly plotting against him. When his madness really begins to take over, Claggart starts thinking of ways to prove Billy to be a traitor. Finally, his chance comes when a guardsman approaches Billy in the middle of the night and asks him to join a mutiny effort with all the others that were impressed. The guardsman also offers Billy a bribe. Billy becomes so angry that he almost throws the guardsman overboard. When Claggart hears of this, he immediately runs straight to Captain Vere. Captain Vere is a well-educated, le vel-headed man. He is stern but just. He offers Billy a chance to see his accuser and Billy accepts. When Billy hears the lies that were being told of him, he goes crazy.

Developments in the travel and tourism industry

Select two recent or current developments in the travel and tourism industry and explain how these developments have affected career opportunities and job roles within the industry. In this first part of the question, I will talk about how technology has affected careers and job roles within the travel & tourism industry. Technology has been the biggest development on the travel & tourism industry within the last ten years. It has allowed many companies to offer improved service to customers and help with the start up of many other businesses. Computers have been used for many years especially within the airline industry for tasks such as check in and ATC (Air Traffic Control), but now computers are being used in travel agents and tour operators. This could have affect on jobs, as computerisation will lead to less paper work. Computers are also used to access the Internet and customers are seeing the benefits of using this method of booking. Online booking also cuts out paying the travel agent commission; prices are also generally lower on the Internet. A new type of travel agent is appearing on the Internet, which specialises in e-commerce (electronic business) and example of this type of organisation is Expedia. Organisations such as this can be used to book all the principles of a holiday in one place. This also affects jobs, as only two or three people will need to be employed to ensure the systems work properly. This could affect many travel agents; some have already closed, as they cannot compete with the competition that is being given from online organisations. Some companies may choose to integrate, but this can also lead to a loss in jobs, as the amount of staff required maybe lower. As I mentioned previously, computers have been used in the airline and airport sector for many years. Airlines now use computers in a different way. Thanks to the advances in technology, passengers can now check in using a kiosk within the terminal building and at Waterloo Station, London, when travelling with British Airways. It is also possible to check in online 24 hours before a flight departure. The introduction of check in kiosks will inevitably mean that fewer customer service agents will be required. Not all development within the industry will lead to loss of jobs; one example of this is Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport. More staff will be employed when British Airways moves all of its flights and services from Terminal 1 & 4 to Terminal 5. More staff will be employed to work within shops, stations and facilities that will be available to customers when the terminal opens in 2008. Aircraft are also becoming more technologically advanced, two of the world biggest aircraft manufactures, Boeing and Airbus are developing new aircraft that will changed the way passengers travel. The Airbus A380 will become the largest civil aircraft in the world; and will have a maximum captivity will be 840 passengers. Singapore Airlines among others will be modifying the cabin to included bars, shops and gyms that will require staff to attend and maintain while in the air. There will be more career opportunities such as cabin crew and aircraft pilot when the new aircraft are introduced into service. An extension of aircraft is the possibility of space travel. Staff that will be employed for space travel will have to be trained to a higher level of health and safety and will be specialised in the working of and running of the craft. Visitor attractions have been using technology to their advantage. The safety of rides in theme parks can closely be monitored with computers, if a hazard occurs it can be located quickly and action can be taken. This will reduced the amount of mechanics needed to look after the rides. Technology has also allowed rides to have a higher thrill factor without compromising the safety of riders. Thorpe Park is the first theme park in the world to have a ten-loop roller coaster. It is kept safe with the use of computers, so that the ride operators can ensure high levels of safety.

Bill Sikes Essays

Bill Sikes Essays Bill Sikes Paper Bill Sikes Paper Dickens begins this chapter by talking about Fagin in non-human terms that suggest he is frightening and dangerous. Words like lair, phantom, and fangs describe the Fagins house and his physical appearance. This isnt the first use of animal imagery to suggest Fagin is scary and dangerous in Oliver Twist. Fagin has been described before as a reptile and a predator. Dickens has used animal imagery to express a sense of evil. Dickens is suggesting that Fagin is about to act like an animal and is his need for revenge a strictly human evil? This remark by Charley Dickens, showing Olivers purity, further shows us that Fagin is willing to corrupt an innocent soul for the sake of his greed, as we find out later on that he was to corrupt the boy for money. He tries to make Oliver as one of his boys but in the end he does not succeed. Fagin seeks to corrupt even the innocent, which makes him almost evil. Making Fagin a Jew is a metaphor as Fagin himself is a recurring symbol for the devil. Several times Dickens refers to him with known devil names or symbols. He talks of Fagin with flaming red hair and a beard, along with a three-pronged roasting fork, which all are symbols. Before he is to die, he refuses to pray for himself and his being a Jew has a very evil connotation. He is greedy and mean, trying to pull Oliver and others into his web of evil. After Noah delivers his report, Fagin is furious with Nancy. When Sikes enters, carrying the loot from his nights work, Fagin un-nerves him by staring fixedly, speechless and twitching with emotion. The old man tells Sikes his story, masterfully rousing Sikes to a pitch of rage at the hint that the gang has been betrayed. Deliberately increasing the tension, Fagin wakes Claypole to make him tell Sikes about Nancy. WITH ALL OF THE SYMBOLISM AND MORAL ISSUES REPRESENTED IN OLIVER TWIST, ALL SEEM TO COME FROM REAL EVENTS FROM THE LIFE OF ITS AUTHOR, CHARLES DICKENS. THE NOVELS CHARACTER, OLIVER, IS A GOOD PERSON AT HEART SURROUNDED BY THE FILTH OF THE LONDON STREETS. FILTH THAT DICKENS MIGHT HAVE DEALT WITH IN HIS EVERYDAY LIFE. BUT THROUGH MORALS AND MERE CHANCE OLIVER BECOMES A LIVING SYMBOL. THROUGHOUT HIS LIFETIME, DICKENS APPEARED TO HAVE ACQUIRED A FONDNESS FOR THE BLEAK, THE SORDID, AND THE AUSTERE. MOST OF OLIVER TWIST, FOR EXAMPLE, TAKES PLACE IN LONDONS LOWEST SLUMS. THE CITY IS DESCRIBED AS A MAZE WHICH INVOLVES A MYSTERY OF DARKNESS, ANONYMITY, AND PERIL. MANY OF THE SETTINGS, SUCH AS THE PICKPOCKETS HIDEOUT, THE SURROUNDING STREETS, AND THE BARS, ARE ALSO DESCRIBED AS DARK, GLOOMY, AND BLAND. EVEN WHILE HIS LIFE WAS IN DANGER WHILE IN THE HANDS OF FAGIN AND BILL SIKES, TWO SCHEMING PICKPOCKETS, HE REFUSED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE STEALING WHICH HE SO GREATLY OPPOSED. ALL OLIVER REALLY LONGED FOR WAS TO ESCAPE FROM HARSH LIVING CONDITIONS AND EVIL SURROUNDINGS WHICH HE HAD GROWN UP IN. HOWEVER, NO MATTER HOW TEMPTING THE EVIL MAY HAVE BEEN, OLIVER STOOD BY HIS BELIEFS. UNFORTUNATELY, MANY CRITICS HAVE FOUND IT HARD TO BELIEVE THAT A BOY SUCH AS OLIVER TWIST COULD REMAIN SO INNOCENT, PURE, AND WELL SPOKEN GIVEN THE LONG PERIOD OF TIME IN WHICH HE WAS SURROUNDED BY EVIL AND INJUSTICES. FAGIN THE HEAD OF A GROUP OF YOUNG THIEVES SPENDS MOST OF HIS TIME TRYING TO DEMORALIZE AND CORRUPT OLIVER AND PREVENT HIM FROM EVER COMING INTO HIS INHERITANCE. HE IS SEEN AS AN ESCAPE FROM ALL PREVIOUS MISERY. HE ALSO HELPS OLIVER TO EASE ANY FEARS ABOUT STARVATION AND LONELINESS. FAGIN IS A MASTER CRIMINAL, WHOSE SPECIALTY IS FENANG (SELLING STOLEN PROPERTY). HE EMPLOYS A GANG OF THIEVES AND IS ALWAYS LOOKING FOR NEW RECRUITS. HE IS A MAN OF CONSIDERABLE INTELLIGENCE, THOUGH CORRUPTED BY HIS SELF-INTEREST. HIS CONSCIENCE BOTHERS HIM AFTER HE IS CONDEMNED TO HANG. HE DOES HAVE A CYNICAL SENSE OF HUMOUR AND A MYSTERIOUS ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND PEOPLE. HES A VERY OLD SHRIVELLED JEW, WHOSE VILLAINOUS LOOKING REPULSIVE FACE WAS OBSCURED BY A QUANTITY OF MATTED RED HAIR. Fagin and his gang are of like qualities, all being thieves and gangsters, with whom poor Oliver unwittingly falls in with. Oliver, being a kind and innocent soul, is beguiled by Fagin and his boys into joining them for time. He uses double talk to keep his true motives from others. BILL SIKES IS A BULLY, A ROBBER AND A MURDERER. HE IS AN ALLY OF FAGIN. FAGIN PLANS THE CRIMES AND SIKES CARRIES THEM OUT. SIKES EVIL IS SO FRIGHTENING BECAUSE IT IS SO PHYSICAL. HE IS COMPARES TO A BEAST. NANCY IS THE HAPLESS PRODUCT OF THE SLUMS, THE PUPIL OF FAGIN, AND THE ABUSED MISTRESS OF SIKES. ALTHOUGH SHE IS A PROSTITUTE AND AN ACCOMPLICE OF CROOKS, SHE HAS THE INSTINCTS OF A GOOD PERSON. SHE IS PART OF A FEW OF THE MOST MEMORABLE SCENES (WHEN SHE VISITS FAGINS DEN, WHEN SHE WAITS FOR BILL TO COME HOME OR WHEN SHE MEETS WITH ROSE MAYLIE AND BROWNLOW TO HELP SAVE OLIVER).

Financial Planning

Financial Planning Financial resources are those resources that have monetary valueFinancial management is the planning and monitoring of an organizations financial resources to enable the organization to achieve its financial goalsAssets are the property and other items of the business both tangible and intangible.Objectives of financial management:Liquidity - ability to pay short-term debts.Profitability - maximizing profitsEfficiency - ability to maximize profits with minimal resourcesGrowth - increase size in the longer termReturn on Owners Equity - percentage of profit compared with total invested.The Planning CycleAddress current financial positionDetermine financial elements of business planDevelop budgetsMonitor cash flowInterpret financial reportsMaintain record systemPlanning financial controlsMinimizing financial risk and lossesMajor participants in financial marketsBanksFinance/insurance companiesMerchant banksRBASuper fundsMutual fundsPublic/private companiesASXSources of fundsInternal sou rces- Owners equity- Retained profitsAdvantages- Low gearing- Less riskDisadvantagesLower profits and return on OEExternal sourceso Short-term Overdraft Bridging finance Bank billso Long-term Bonds Mortgage Term loans Leasing Factoring Trade credit Venture capitalAdvantagesIncreased fundsTax deduction on interest repaymentsDisadvantagesIncreased riskSecurity requiredRegular repaymentsLenders have first claim on money if they go bankruptLeverage measures the relationship between debt and equityThe accounting frameworkRaw DataProcessed DataAccounting DataAnalysis of reportFinancial Statements Revenue statement - shows revenue earned and expenses incurred over the accounting period.English: Berechnung des Net Working Capital Balance Sheet - shows the businesses assets and liabilities at a point in time.Financial RatiosLiquidityCurrent Ratio = Current assets(working k) Current liabilities2:1 safe positionSolvencyDebt to equity = Total liabilitiesOwner's EquityProfitabilityGross Profit = gross profit...

Literature Overview on HRD Models

Literature Overview on HRD Models Providing Evidence for Approving Humanistic and Normative Approach to Management According to Senge (2006), a humanistic approach to managing organizations creates a potential for building a healthier atmosphere in the employed environment. In particular, the scientist believes that a person-oriented approach is specifically important because it constitute the basis of a learning organization and contributes to enhancing the company’s competitive advantage, leadership, and performance (McKenzie and Taylor, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Overview on HRD Models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is more important is that learning organization has the right to existence in case people in such organizations are able to expand and develop their skills and capacities as well as create the results they truly wish to achieve (Senge, 2006, p. 146). All these attributes are included into the Theory Y presented earlier. According to Zastrow and Ashman (2009), â€Å"Theory Y managers view employees as wanting to grow and develop by exerting physical and mental effort to accomplish work objectives to which they are committed† (p. 540). This is why internal rewards, including personal involvement and self-respect are indispensible components of staff motivation. Literature Supporting the Critique of the Two Identified Models Geren (n. d.) states that Chinese managers also apply to Theory Y model, but for different purposes. So far, Chinese organization seek to satisfy the lower needs of workers and employees where higher needs were destined for the member from the upper class. Today, theory Y model has been re-evaluated their previously presented rationales and accept the model as a method for encouraging employees in cultural and economical terms (Geren, n. d., p. 3) . Michigan is also applicable to Chinese culture, because it focuses more on standardization and technolog ical development in order to increase performance and achieve strategic goals (Kandula, 2004, p. 4). What is more important is that the presented model provide a solid ground for creating more democratic relations in the working setting. Therefore, cultural diversity aspect becomes more appreciated by the employers so that they become value their employers to a greater extent. Reflection on Potential Use of Emerging Technologies in HRD The Global Trading Model and integration models are the most frequent approaches that are used by Chinese companies (Marquardt, Berger, and Loan, 2004). This potential use of emerging technologies is predetermined by the growing tendencies of applying to a normative model of organizational and human resources management. According to this model, employees can be motivated much more effectively because the introduction of technological devices makes them constantly improve their skills and capacities. In addition, due to the fact that technological adv ancement is closely connected with the globalization process, the diversity process also becomes on the agenda along with the presented theory.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The brightest example of the interaction between learning organization and technology advancement is presented by Air China and China Construction Bank. Both examples show that shifts in leadership management aimed at achieving cultural contingency. In particular, the introduction of better equipment and effective technological tools contributes to simplifying the production process and increasing the organizational performance. Less pressure is made, therefore, on employees whose self-respect remains unchanged. References Geren B. (n. d.) Motivation: Chinese Theoretical Perspectives. Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business. Kandula, S. R. (2004) Human Resource Management in Practice: With 300 Models, Techniques and Tools. US: PHI Learning. McKenzie, J. S. and Taylor, W. J. (2001) Opportunities in human resource management careers. US: McGraw-Hill Professional. Senge, P. M. (2006) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. US: Doubleday. Zastrow, C., and Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2009) Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment. US: Cengage Learning. Marquardt M., Berger N., and Loan P. (2004) HRD in the age of globalization: a practical guide to workplace learning in the third millennium. London Basic Books.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Overview on HRD Models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

The Validity of Perception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Validity of Perception - Essay Example This is because perceptions that are deep habitually draw attention. Organization of what people perceive is paramount in the creation of reality. This is because the selected information should be arranged in a way which is meaningful so as to make sense to the world. Interpretation and negotiations are necessary to realize a reality in what people perceive. In regard to the video under scrutiny by Scott, the report considers a murder that took place in Lynwood, California where a father was advising the kids on how to get home and do their homework instead of horsing around. A car appeared, and the father got shot from the passenger sit of the approaching vehicle. Investigation kicked off, and the first suspect, Francisco Carrillo who lived in the neighborhood was to answer murder charges. According to the kids in the video by Scott, the person appearing in the photo looked similar to the person who had shot their father from the vehicle, which ironically was moving too fast to ide ntify the people who were in the vehicle. The suspect underwent conviction and sentenced to life imprisonment, just because the kids had said that the person was the one who shot their father. In the investigation, no guns are in the area, the vehicle which the shooter uses to stretch his arm also goes missing. This also applies to the driver who drove the vehicle that was in use by the shooter. Discussion The reading according to Adler, Ronald, Lawrence, and Russell (42) is in a rhetorical condition whereby, the author uses rhetorical question to bring out the argument in the case. Some of the rhetorical questions include; â€Å"so what is wrong?† this question makes the reader continue reading and answer the question. This structure of using rhetorical questions is necessary to make sure that the reader can relate the events in the case. This is because a rhetorical question does not have an exact answer; rather the author uses the questions to help the reader perceive the seriousness. A question like â€Å"Mr. Carrillo’s alibi?† makes the reader what to know more about the person. The author does not answer the question; rather the author leaves the readers to answer for themselves. This writing style helps to send the message in the reading since the reader plays a significant role in filling the blanks left by the rhetorical questions. Apart from the use of rhetorical questions, there is the use of rhetorical figures such as Folsom Prison to explain the lock up situation of the suspected shooter since the evidence brought before the judge is not concrete enough to put the suspect to prison. Perception The perception is a process which affects the communication with others according to the reading. In the earlier introduction regarding to perception, there are two define classes, the first order and second order. Influence on perception Perception, which involves the selection, organization, interpretation and negotiation of informatio n, is under the influence of many factors. Psychological influences in regard to the study works of Adler, Ronald, Lawrence, and Russell (41) arise from the physical environment and the difference of one’s body to that of another person. Interpersonal relationships arise from the differences in the way people receive sensory information. Developmental differences shape perceptions since age gives allowance for a vast scope and much experience. The relation

Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ideology - Essay Example One of the issues that affect linguistic students is racism in the class situation. Despite the clogging of the classrooms, the linguistics teachers have kept on working. This has seen numerous changes in that the academic organizations have set up institutions that major specifically on the training of linguistics teachers. This has caused an upsurge in the number of qualified linguistics teachers. With the increase in the number of linguistics teachers, students have been widespread and every linguistics teacher has had a standard number of pupils in his class (Kumaravadivelu, 2003). This has given the teachers a better learning atmosphere and thus increased their performance index. Consequently, they have received awards from the academic organization that employ them. The organization has had the ability to increase salaries from the high amount of money that it acquires in terms of school fees. Racism in the past was another issue that hindered the development of the teaching fraternity. History is one of the key subjects that dwell on the issue of racism. It is thus important for this issue to be also viewed with relation to the subject of a linguistics teacher. One of the aspects of racism and actually the major aspect is about employment. In the past, Black people did not receive appropriate employment opportunities and actually ended up working for wealthy people in their farms and other casual jobs. This did not give them opportunities to explore other areas that they might have excelled. This has changed over the years, and the chances of all races to get a job in the academic field has assisted in that the quality of education has increased paving way for increased payments (Kumaravadivelu, 2003). With this, the linguistics teachers have had the ability to teach some of the students that avoid the classes due to the ethical imbalance. . The concept of racism had affected the linguistic linguistics teachers working exceedingly. This is from the

The Concepts and, Myths of the Modern World Essay

The Concepts and, Myths of the Modern World - Essay Example The followers were called Rationalists. The Utopians strive to banish from memory the dark struggle against feudalism in pursuit of revolutionary principles, and a new class of the industrial commoner is conceived by the application of the enlightened sciences. The concepts of Degeneration and Regeneration operate on the basis of an assumed mutual-understanding of order and chaos, function and malfunction, the normal and the pathological. It is closely associated to the ethical realm of norms and values. The concrete, spatial transgression of boundaries (between the house, the garden, the street, the country and the city, as well as between inner and outer space) found in the above, often symbolizes a transgression of conventional gender norms. (Buchholz et al, 2002). An in-depth understanding of the above can, it is argued, lead to avoidance of the deficits or malaise (this seems so normal in the dystopian scheme), of the modern world. In ancient civilizations like the Mesopotamian, the 'juridico-discursive' power is entirely at the hands of a 'sovereign authority who exercised absolute control over the population through the threat or open display of violence' (Foucault, 1978). Bentham's concept of 'Panoticon' or the 'Inspection House' symbolizes this authority transferred to buildings in (especially constructed in circular forms) wherein people were to be kept under Surveillance or inspection. This is, particularly applicable to "Penitentiary-Houses, Prisons, Hospitals, Schools, Industrial Houses, Poor-houses, Lazarettos and Mad-houses" (Bentham, 1787). Surveillance, becomes an important tool of the state is but, a sort of mapping of contours, geographies, and finally human beings too. Modern states also used such "thematic mapping technologies", a notable one, being "the cadastral map, which record land ownership and resource characteristics" (Goss, Jon. 1995). Constant surveillance which, when internalized, as in "disciplining the body, takes hold of the mind as well to induce a psychological state of 'conscious and permanent visibility" (Foucault 1977). It then becomes a disciplinary power that is used directly on the body, and collectively, to control social groups. Foucault speaks of the structured ways of knowing and exercising this power, in respect of Body, Power and the Sexuality; Subjectivity, identity and resistance; and Freedom, power and Politics.( Armstrong,2005). Speed: Relationship between new technologies, spaces and new identities. Speed is inversely proportional to the time within which a work is done. It is something that man, by conscious reformation of his techniques, "more conscious that ever of himself and his time in life," (Kudera, 1996) has brought in with the technical revolution. This revolution is evident in the rampant automation of many every-day processes. Asger Jorn(1958), elucidates the process of automation as something that progressive and, "adds more than it replaces or suppresses." The invention of the bi-cycle, can be said as the first step. Constant improvisation lead to rapid industrialization (mass production), the off-shoot of which is the railroad system. The fascination for Speed not only lead to

You have to make your own topics up. It is on sinaltrainal v Essay

You have to make your own topics up. It is on sinaltrainal v. coca-cola company - Essay Example Yet, more than ascribing blame to a multinational firm that has perhaps broken the law and behaved in a highly egregious manner, understanding the logic behind why such a set of actions might have taken place, the way in which they occurred, and the different resources available to Coca Cola as a means of understanding the limits to which a given corporate entity will go to in order to protect its profit margins and maintain dominance at the expense of traditional corporate responsibility, civic behavior, and common morality. Furthermore, the way in which the court trial in Miami proceeded is also of special interest due in no small part to the fact that this too exhibited the level to which corruption in power and the cronyism of mega multinationals seemingly held all the cards in such a legal battle (Rostin 2001, p. 35). As a way of briefly encapsulating what lay at the core of the court case mentioned above, it is worth briefly laying out what the claimants brought against Coca Cola. Among other things, the claimants brought evidence that union organizers complaining about unfair treatment, poor wages, brutal conditions, and the alleged murder to several workers over a period of time that were heavily involved in the union agitation that had plagued the Coca Cola plant in Carepa, Colombia. The background to the instance was the fact that Colombian workers at the factory had been seeking to leverage the Coca Cola Corporation for a higher level of remuneration, benefits, and union representation by the Sinaltrainal Union which represented workers in Colombia. Obviously such an action would have not been in the best interests of Coca Cola Corporation as it would have weakened the position of the employer and given a stronger voice to the employees as a function of the collective bargaining that they w ould have been able to achieve. As a function of stopping such an

Nurse Client Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nurse Client Relationship - Essay Example Psychodynamic perspective theories explains that one’s behavior is determined by what they think of most of the time and thus not until they get on the issue, they are likely to be stagnated at the same point in time. Lastly, antisocial disorder theory explains that some people inherit the traits of failure to conform to society norms, being manipulative and deceitful aggressive or irritability. Thus, this is an inherited disorder that may lead to maladaptive behavior. Sigmoid Freud’s theory explains the reason as to why W.S is so much involved in her substance abuse. Probably the memory of her grandmother and significant other is still fresh in her conscious mind, hence making it hard for to go one with life (Townsend, 2014). The client is using marijuana to reduce anxiety. Due to the loss of her significant others, most of the time she is subjected to anxiety and that grieving and bereavement, hence leaving her with delusional thoughts and hallucinations. Thus, by using marijuana, she is psyched up leaving less anxious than before. Secondly, it is definite that W.S I am dealing with self-esteem issues, love and affection. It is like she is lonely after losing her grandmother and a significant other. Thus, by receiving more affection and love, she is likely to recover from the loss she had. At the same time, she needs canceling on her self-esteem to enable her move on. The patient is admitted for psychotic disorder where she has presented for the last two weeks a very bizarre behavior which is as a result of excessive smoking of marijuana. Social history of the patient is that she is very addicted to smoking marijuana but neither does she drink alcohol nor smoke cigarettes. She is not yet married and does not work anywhere at this point in time. She endorses learning with disability and she is a high school graduate with a special ED. The patient has had a history of smoking bhang on his daily life which she could do several times in the day. This

U.S. National Debt and a Fiscal Plan to Fix Deficit 6.2 Trillion Literature review

U.S. National Debt and a Fiscal Plan to Fix Deficit 6.2 Trillion - Literature review Example The debt implies that a large percentage of the total GDP of the United States falls under public debt, which hinders economic growth. It also leads to other economic hazards like unemployment and dependence on the employed people in the society. The government will also lose potential investors because they will lack confidence in the sustainability of economic growth. Various presidents have tried to adjust the debt by applying various fiscal and monetary policies (see table 1). Factors that contributed to the problem Accumulation of the debt has a historical as well as economic significance. Historically, wars between the U.S. and other nations are the main cause of the rise in debt. For instance, the second world war of 1945 is believed to have the greatest contribution to an increase in the national debt. According to Treasury, the debt rose by close to 115% during this war. However, the debt reduced for the following thirty years until the past ten years when the trend reversed (Treasury Direct, 2012). The economic perspective highlights fiscal government policies as the main push factor of the increase in debt. There have been concerns about the weakness of various fiscal policies of the Federal Government in addressing long-term economic issues. Fiscal policies are the ones that look at the way the government spends its money as well as sources of government revenue. It is clear that, in recent years, the U.S. budget has always been a deficit budget. A deficit budget implies that the government spending outweighs the tax revenue. Many residents of the United States share the view that reduction in taxes is the main factor leading to the accumulation of the debt. This became evident especially after the current President initiated efforts to help the government in collecting more tax revenue than in the previous years. Fiscal Plan to decrease the national debt The main aim of the U.S. government should be to increase the tax revenue that it generates fro m the economy. The best approach to achieve this through the application of a progressive tax system. This system allows the government to tax more on high-income earners than it taxes the low-income earners. This will help in increasing the tax revenue and it will ease the burden of low-income earners. The amount that low-income earners have for consumption and savings will increase if the government reduces the taxes of low-income earners (United States Government Accountability Office, 2012). This will increase the national output through the GDP equation.  Ã‚  

You have to make your own topics up. It is on sinaltrainal v Essay

You have to make your own topics up. It is on sinaltrainal v. coca-cola company - Essay Example Yet, more than ascribing blame to a multinational firm that has perhaps broken the law and behaved in a highly egregious manner, understanding the logic behind why such a set of actions might have taken place, the way in which they occurred, and the different resources available to Coca Cola as a means of understanding the limits to which a given corporate entity will go to in order to protect its profit margins and maintain dominance at the expense of traditional corporate responsibility, civic behavior, and common morality. Furthermore, the way in which the court trial in Miami proceeded is also of special interest due in no small part to the fact that this too exhibited the level to which corruption in power and the cronyism of mega multinationals seemingly held all the cards in such a legal battle (Rostin 2001, p. 35). As a way of briefly encapsulating what lay at the core of the court case mentioned above, it is worth briefly laying out what the claimants brought against Coca Cola. Among other things, the claimants brought evidence that union organizers complaining about unfair treatment, poor wages, brutal conditions, and the alleged murder to several workers over a period of time that were heavily involved in the union agitation that had plagued the Coca Cola plant in Carepa, Colombia. The background to the instance was the fact that Colombian workers at the factory had been seeking to leverage the Coca Cola Corporation for a higher level of remuneration, benefits, and union representation by the Sinaltrainal Union which represented workers in Colombia. Obviously such an action would have not been in the best interests of Coca Cola Corporation as it would have weakened the position of the employer and given a stronger voice to the employees as a function of the collective bargaining that they w ould have been able to achieve. As a function of stopping such an

U.S. National Debt and a Fiscal Plan to Fix Deficit 6.2 Trillion Literature review

U.S. National Debt and a Fiscal Plan to Fix Deficit 6.2 Trillion - Literature review Example The debt implies that a large percentage of the total GDP of the United States falls under public debt, which hinders economic growth. It also leads to other economic hazards like unemployment and dependence on the employed people in the society. The government will also lose potential investors because they will lack confidence in the sustainability of economic growth. Various presidents have tried to adjust the debt by applying various fiscal and monetary policies (see table 1). Factors that contributed to the problem Accumulation of the debt has a historical as well as economic significance. Historically, wars between the U.S. and other nations are the main cause of the rise in debt. For instance, the second world war of 1945 is believed to have the greatest contribution to an increase in the national debt. According to Treasury, the debt rose by close to 115% during this war. However, the debt reduced for the following thirty years until the past ten years when the trend reversed (Treasury Direct, 2012). The economic perspective highlights fiscal government policies as the main push factor of the increase in debt. There have been concerns about the weakness of various fiscal policies of the Federal Government in addressing long-term economic issues. Fiscal policies are the ones that look at the way the government spends its money as well as sources of government revenue. It is clear that, in recent years, the U.S. budget has always been a deficit budget. A deficit budget implies that the government spending outweighs the tax revenue. Many residents of the United States share the view that reduction in taxes is the main factor leading to the accumulation of the debt. This became evident especially after the current President initiated efforts to help the government in collecting more tax revenue than in the previous years. Fiscal Plan to decrease the national debt The main aim of the U.S. government should be to increase the tax revenue that it generates fro m the economy. The best approach to achieve this through the application of a progressive tax system. This system allows the government to tax more on high-income earners than it taxes the low-income earners. This will help in increasing the tax revenue and it will ease the burden of low-income earners. The amount that low-income earners have for consumption and savings will increase if the government reduces the taxes of low-income earners (United States Government Accountability Office, 2012). This will increase the national output through the GDP equation.  Ã‚  

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay I will be critiquing two different articles. Both studies are nursing studies that evaluate outcomes. I will be following specific key points for a quantitative perspective and a qualitative perspective. There is a guideline that I will be following for each article that includes identifying and examining the data collection and data analysis methodologies used in each study. The names of the articles are The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy and The Effects of Crossed Leg Blood Pressure Measurement. The references will also be reviewed to determine validity and relationship to the new study. Data Collection Quantitative Study: The operational and conceptual definition is congruent. The key variables were operationalized using the best possible method and with adequate justification. Specific instruments were adequately described and were good choices, given the study purpose, the variables being studied, and the study population. The instrument used specifically was a blood pressure monitor. The blood pressure cuff size, dimensions, and inflation pressure were described. The blood pressure monitor was adequately pretested and calibrated before the study began by a biomedical technician (Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio, Braun, 1999). It can be determined that the data collection methods provided data that was reliable and valid. The intervention executed was having patients cross their legs and measuring their blood pressure. The intervention was adequately described and implemented. The implementation of the intervention was faithful to its plan (Polit Beck, 2012). The data was gathered by trained nurse researchers (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). The same blood pressure monitor was operated during the data collection to minimize biases (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). Qualitative Study: The methods for gathering data were appropriate and the data was gathered using interviews over a span of 2 days (Palese, Skrap, Fachin, Visioli, Zannini, 2008). It could be determined that triangulation was achieved since the interviews were performed on numerous occasions and during assorted circumstances. The researchers did ask the right questions and make the right observations, which were also recorded in an appropriate fashion. It can be concluded that sufficient data was gathered, given the specifics required to be a factor in this study. The data collected was adequately rich in depth and detail. The data was gathered using interviews with open-ended questions. The interviews were audio-recorded. The data compilation tools were valid and reliable for this study. Data collection was adequately described and appeared appropriate for this type of study. Bias was kept to a minimum. The researchers were to determine and recognize ideas that may have prompted or provoked personal biases, they also had to recognize any personal experiences or beliefs that might have influenced what they were going to hear and report (Palese et al. , 2008). Data Analysis Quantitative Study: Analyses were appropriated to answer the research question and to test the hypothesis. The researchers performed various blood pressure measurements on a sample of hypertensive males to determine if the crossing of a leg has an effect on blood pressure measurements. Appropriate statistical methods were used given the level of measurement and assumptions of the test. However, there was only one specific group that was the variable, 100 hypertensive males whose ages ranged from 31 to 81. Hypothesis testing allows researchers to make objective decisions whether study results likely reflect chance sample differences or true population differences (Polit Beck, 2012). In this study there was no control group. Then, how can we determine that crossing your leg would increase blood pressure. It is challenging to support whether a type I and type II errors were actually minimized or avoided. The intervention studies did not perform an intention-to-treat analysis. All of the participants were treated and there was no omitted information. The participants also did not abandon the study. The problems of missing values were evaluated and adequately addressed. The limitation of the study includes gender and sample size. The researchers discussed the weaknesses with solutions for future studies. The researchers recommend replicating this study using a larger sample size that includes females. They consider that these changes would increase the significance of the results. The findings are discussed and interpreted. Information about statistical significance and confidence interval is presented and reviewed. There was good use of tables and figures that included titles and headings that were clearly and appropriately labeled. The results were also clearly displayed in tables with identifiable titles and labeled headings. The study included descriptive statistics. The study described the main characteristics in the dataset. The mean and standard deviation for each blood pressure measurement was calculated before and after crossing of the legs was performed by the study subjects. Inferential statistics were also present in this study. In order to test mean differences with three or more groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test is used. This research study conducted a repeated-measure ANOVA, which is when there are three or more measures of the same dependent variable for each participant (Polit Beck, 2012). Measuring blood pressure at various intervals and under numerous conditions for the same subject is one incident where this type of testing can be used. . The model for this design was repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance in this study was stated at 0. 05 for all three effects in the model, (before crossing the legs, during legs crossed, and after having crossed the legs). This significance level indicates that researchers accept a risk that out of 100 samples drawn from a population, a true null hypothesis would be rejected 5 times (Polit Beck, 2012). Given the level of measurement and the nature of the hypothesis, the results were adequate. However, I believe that further research is required to have a stronger correlation. A wider sampling population should be used in future research to have more accurate conclusions. Qualitative Study: The data management and data analysis methods were sufficiently described. The data analysis strategy was compatible with the research tradition. It was also compatible with the nature and type of data gathered. The findings are effectively summarized. There was good use of citations from the patient interviews. The researchers were able to abstract concepts that were found in the data collected from the interviews. Although each patient had a unique experience, the researchers were able to categorize concepts from the data that was analyzed. Researchers were able to group these concepts into pre-operative concerns, intra-operative concerns, and post-operative concerns. Since there was limited research conducted on intra-operative experiences there were limits with the ability of being able to link it to previously performed studies. However, the study did recognize the limits it had. Since this is a qualitative study, generally these studies cannot be generalized to the population. Qualitative researchers are not concerned with the general population, but rather with subjects experiences (Polit Beck, 2012). The researchers did acknowledge the importance of the healthcare team members to think about patient’s experiences in order to better understand how to prioritize the needs of the patient (Palese et al. , 2008). I believe that biases were kept to a minimal considering the implementations that the researchers were exposed to at the beginning of the study and before they were exposed to the interviews or observations. The composition and exploration of the data produced genuine and significant descriptions of the experiences that the patients whom were subjects had. Summary After reviewing both articles and critiquing each one, I believe to have a better understanding about the difference between a quantitative research study and a qualitative research study. Data collection should be systematic and meticulous. Both studies gathered their data systematically and meticulously. In view of the statistical analysis, levels of measurement should be defined as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level data. Sources of data can be documentary sources as primary and secondary sources, field sources as subjects in person, conditions, environment and events that are observable and measurable, and historical data. Both of the studies also had these types of sources. The methods of collecting data include surveys questioning using interview schedule and questionnaires, observation techniques with the help of structured or unstructured instruments, and measuring with standardized instruments. Both of the studies also used some of these methods for collecting data. The purpose of analyzing data in a study is to describe the data in meaningful terms. For example, the study in reference to blood pressure changes utilized tables for interpretation. Statistics help to answer important research questions and it is the answers to such questions that further our understandings. It is required the researcher to have an understanding of what tools are suitable for a particular research study. Depending on the kinds of variables identified (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and the design of particular study, number of statistical techniques is available to analyze data. The data collection and data analysis methodologies used varied and followed the particular need of each research study. The researchers followed the research process guidelines and methodologies. Although, both studies had some weaknesses, they were both performed adequately, using appropriate techniques and instruments. They were also both performed with integrity, discussing thei r limitations and weaknesses.

Psychosocial Characteristics of Breast Malignancy

Psychosocial Characteristics of Breast Malignancy Substantial resources have been shared out to research into the psychosocial characteristics of breast malignancy in the last twenty years. Initial studies in this field mainly focused on describing the emotional experience of women with breast malignancy and also attempted to develop interventions which can reduce psychosocial distress and prepare them to cop-up with the situation. Ferlic M, Goldman A, Kennedy BJ (1979) conducted a study titled â€Å"Group counseling in adult patients with advanced cancer† and reported a noteworthy enhancement in participants â€Å"perception and self-concept† and a similar benefit reported by Heinrich and Schag (1985). These two studies were referred as the early intervention studies among women with breast cancer. David Spiegel et al. (1989) found that women with metastatic breast malignancy can extend their survival by a psychological intervention (â€Å"supportive–expressive group therapy†). David Spiegel’s this report had various impacts on psychosocial intervention studies in1999s. After Spiegel’s surprising findings in 1989, the researchers shifted their focus from describing emotional experience of women with breast malignancy to survival outcomes of psychosocial interventions. Cunningham et al., (1998); Edelman et al., (1999a); Goodwin et al., (2001); and Classen et al., (2001) conducted different studies to find out the favorable outcome of psychological interventions on survival of women with metastatic breast malignancy. None of the succeeding studies in metastatic breast malignancy have recognized a survival effect of a series of psychological interventions. Several similar findings were reported among different cancer studies with the intention of surviv al outcome from their metastatic malignancy (Linn et al., 1982; Fawzy et al., 1993; Ilnyckyj et al., 1994; Kuchler et al., 1999). All these observations, from studies held in 1990s, forced the members of psycho-oncology research group to change their focus of assessment to the mental status and personal satisfaction of women with breast cancer, and to the recognition of interventions that positively influence their mental and social functioning, instead of metastatic breast cancer survival and their in-between biomedical outcomes. From 2000, a good number of psychosocial oncology researchers concentrated on focusing their research in the area of metal statues, wellbeing and quality of life of women during and after their active treatment for breast cancer. Antoni et al. (2001) explained â€Å"Cognitive-behavioral stress Management intervention decreases the prevalence of depression and enhances benefit finding among women under treatment for early-stage breast malignancy†. The writers observed the effects of ten-week group â€Å"cognitive- behavioral stress management intervention† in the midst of 100 women recently undergone treatment for stage 0-II breast malignancy and reported positive benefits after the intervention. Cruess et al. (2001) studied the impacts of a â€Å"cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM)† group intervention on â€Å"serum cortisol† stages in women being undergone treatment for breast cancer with stage I or II. Women who were in the Intervention group demonstrated improved benefit finding and decreased â€Å"serum cortisol† levels, whereas women who were in the control group not experienced any change. The statement by Kissane and colleagues (2003) of a randomized, controlled trial of cognitive–existential group therapy for women with early breast cancer is an example. In that research they found that women in the intervention group reported considerably lowered ‘anxiety†, and enhanced â€Å"family function†. The authors further reported self-growth and increased knowledge of cancer and its treatment. During this period numerous excellent reviews of psychosocial interventions in breast cancer have been published (Rimer et al., 1985; Fawzy et al., 1995; Meyer and Mark, 1995; Wallace, 1997; Burke and Kissane, 1998; Newell et al., 2002) and most of these reviews suggested that there are significant advantages associated with the use of psychological interventions during and after their active treatment. Further, these reviews suggested various intervention approaches such as: education, cognitive and behavioral training, individual psychotherapy, group interventions, and made more specific suggestions concerning incorporation of psychosocial interventions into the treatment setting. They emphasized that there was proof of benefit for all of these approaches, reporting that cancer patients may benefit from a variety of psychological intervention programmes, and recommending accurate interventions at different points along the cancer trajectory. Newell et al. (2002) conducted one review and achieved fairly different conclusions. The authors of this review attempted a broad survey of psychological treatments in various sorts of cancer. Further that they applied a sequence of thorough methodological standards and retained only those researches that achieved their standards of inclusions. This brought about the rejection of the greater part of published research. This review was comprehensive, but it did not focus on a specific type of cancer or a specific type of treatment, and the effects of interventions among different types of cancers did not differentiate by the reviewing team and that was considered as one of the major drawback of their review. Because of its strict inclusion criteria many important effects of psychosocial interventions being missed or undervalued. For the assessment of benefits they took an exceptionally progressive methodology in which at least half of the effective measures for the particular characte ristic need to account significant outcomes for the impact to be categorized as a significant one. The reviewing group observed the acute, intermediate, and durable effect of interventions on a huge number of results together with â€Å"anxiety, depression, hostility, stress or distress, general or overall affect, general or overall functional ability or quality of life, vocational or domestic adjustment, coping or coping skills, interpersonal or social relationships, sexual or marital relationships, pain, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, overall physical symptoms, conditioned nausea and vomiting, survival, and immune† effects. Newell et al., (2002) concluded that the support of the effectiveness of psychological management on distress and quality of life among people with cancer is uncertain. They also noticed a total lack of support for the effectiveness of the interventions for enhancing social functioning, even though this is a key feature of how patients outlook their revival and life after treatment (Schag et al., 1993; Carver et al., 2003). Antoni et al. (2004) reported that their outcomes are very much at odds with those conclusions. Then the question arises what is the cause of the disagreement? One major distinction between this study and those in Newell et al.’s (2002) review is the samples. Studies in that review scrutinized patients dealing with different cancers at different stages of illness and treatment, whereas Antoni groups sample was all women with breast cancer who were at the beginning of treatment. Other research on breast cancer has also revealed encouraging influences from such interventions (Andersen et al., 2004). For example, one trial of women with Stage II–III breast cancer explained that a group-based intervention that was paying attention on stress management, reduced anxiety, improved social support, enhanced diet, and reduced smoking (Andersen et al., 2004). That study, although valuable, exemplifies a major limitation in this field: a lack of evidence for the durability of the e ffects (Newell et al., 2002). Only one follow-up evaluation was accounted, which was right at the conclusion of the intervention. Here the new question arises whether the intervention effects last beyond the time of involvement, as patients go back to their home, their daily life, and their responsibility as partners, parents, and employees? Studies using more follow-ups are exceptional, even though outcomes of these interventions sometimes come out well after adjuvant treatments end (Andersen, 1992). The work of Antoni et al. (2006a) helps advance the field by reporting that a â€Å"CBSM intervention† can construct significant and long-lasting effects on measures representing an improvement of social functioning, decrease of negative effect, and enhances positive experiences. Certainly, it is remarkable that a number of the effects actually solidified from 6 months to 12 months. A comparable pattern also has been found in the trial utilized a different intervention that was put into practice at a different point in the active medical treatment (Scheier et al., 2006). It is significant to observe whether such consolidation is a consistent occurrence and how sturdy it is across time. Antoni et al., (2006a) strongly advocated that more studies track participants for longer times subsequent to the psychosocial intervention move towards to its conclusion.

Wired verus Wireless Networks :: essays research papers

Wired VS Wireless Networks In today’s world networking is becoming a very common thing with business’s and homes. Some of the main reasons are because you can share files, printers, and other resources. The big networking way style is to use cables connecting all the equipment on a network. Today however, what has a market of its own and is competing with the wired networks is now the wireless network. Many companies have jumped into home networking now, and there is now a big selection of products on the market being wired or wireless. The wired system will provide the highest performance and would make a good choice for home offices, where its speed and low cost would outweigh any cable clutter and a more difficult installation. Wired Home Networks is the least expensive and the fastest by a long shot. It's speed is 10 megabits per second/100 megabits per second Ethernet network. All you need is a couple of plug N’ Play NIC cards, a hub, some cables, some minimal software Traditional wired networks may be the fastest way of moving data between computers, but this product's dependence on a cable (which is a bit thicker than a standard telephone wire) that can clutter and be a problem. You have to be able to string it where people won't trip over it and unless you can hide it, it will add little to your decor. Also, you need to find a location for the hub that's central to the networked PCs and has available AC power. Depending on the distance between your networked PCs, you might also need longer cables. Fortunately, Ethernet cabling is widely available. Now if you want a simple and easy to install home network, wireless is for you. With wireless there’s no need to open your PC. The antenna’s can plug into a phone jack, modem, or parallel ports on your pc’s. With most wireless kits they make sure the network setup process is easy, no matter what your level of experience. The installation software automatically sets up everything without making you deal with network setup screens. The downside to wireless is its speed is only about 1-2 megabits per second. As you can see, it's considerably slower than the 100 megabits per second wired network. Wireless is definitely not optimum for network game playing or exchanging huge files. But 1-2 megabits per second is fast enough for printer sharing and shared Internet access over a conventional modem.

Treating and Preventing Meningitis and Encephalitis Essay -- Biology M

Treating and Preventing Meningitis and Encephalitis The diseases, meningitis and encephalitis, cause various problems in the brain and should be avoided at all costs. Various preventative measures can be taken to avoid them. When one does contract one of the diseases, treatments are available to help cure them, but the treatments do not have a 100 percent success rate. Because of its viral and bacterial tendencies, antibiotics are used at times to attack the diseases as are various vaccines to help prevent contraction of the diseases. In the process of painting the famous Sistine Chapel, Leonardo Da Vinci accidentally uses the wrong color paint to paint Adam's finger. Should he wait until the paint is dry and can no longer fix the mess he made, leave it as a mistake, or take off the paint immediately and fix it? Of course taking care of the blemish as quickly as possible would be the best choice. Much like in this hypothetical scenario, one would want to treat a case of meningitis or encephalitis with the utmost urgency. The horrible effects of the diseases make them advisable to avoid and also advisable to treat promptly when contracted. Due to its tendency to be both a viral and bacterial disease, meningitis can prove difficult to treat. Its dual tendencies also mean that various methods are used to attack the disease. In order to treat meningitis, different aspects of the disease must be discovered first. The type of organism causing the infection, the age of the patient, and the extent of the infection must all be taken into account (WebMD, sec. 8). Any time meningitis is found, immediate treatment with antibiotics is required, and continuation of antibiotic treatment depends on whether a bacteria or a virus is causing th... ...edicine. 6 Oct. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Encephalitis.† Kids Health. Jan. 2005. Nemours Foundation. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Encephalitis.† WebMD. 15 Oct. 2004. 27 July 2006 . Hicks, Rob, Dr., and Trisha Macnair, Dr. â€Å"Meningitis.† BBC. Dec. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† Emedicinehealth. 10 Aug. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† WebMD. 28 Feb. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† Wikipedia. 20 July 2006. 30 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningococcal Disease.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 12 Oct. 2005. Department of Health and Human Services. 27 July 2006 . Treating and Preventing Meningitis and Encephalitis Essay -- Biology M Treating and Preventing Meningitis and Encephalitis The diseases, meningitis and encephalitis, cause various problems in the brain and should be avoided at all costs. Various preventative measures can be taken to avoid them. When one does contract one of the diseases, treatments are available to help cure them, but the treatments do not have a 100 percent success rate. Because of its viral and bacterial tendencies, antibiotics are used at times to attack the diseases as are various vaccines to help prevent contraction of the diseases. In the process of painting the famous Sistine Chapel, Leonardo Da Vinci accidentally uses the wrong color paint to paint Adam's finger. Should he wait until the paint is dry and can no longer fix the mess he made, leave it as a mistake, or take off the paint immediately and fix it? Of course taking care of the blemish as quickly as possible would be the best choice. Much like in this hypothetical scenario, one would want to treat a case of meningitis or encephalitis with the utmost urgency. The horrible effects of the diseases make them advisable to avoid and also advisable to treat promptly when contracted. Due to its tendency to be both a viral and bacterial disease, meningitis can prove difficult to treat. Its dual tendencies also mean that various methods are used to attack the disease. In order to treat meningitis, different aspects of the disease must be discovered first. The type of organism causing the infection, the age of the patient, and the extent of the infection must all be taken into account (WebMD, sec. 8). Any time meningitis is found, immediate treatment with antibiotics is required, and continuation of antibiotic treatment depends on whether a bacteria or a virus is causing th... ...edicine. 6 Oct. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Encephalitis.† Kids Health. Jan. 2005. Nemours Foundation. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Encephalitis.† WebMD. 15 Oct. 2004. 27 July 2006 . Hicks, Rob, Dr., and Trisha Macnair, Dr. â€Å"Meningitis.† BBC. Dec. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† Emedicinehealth. 10 Aug. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† WebMD. 28 Feb. 2005. 27 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningitis.† Wikipedia. 20 July 2006. 30 July 2006 . â€Å"Meningococcal Disease.† Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 12 Oct. 2005. Department of Health and Human Services. 27 July 2006 .